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ASTM A291/A291M-16a

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears

Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears

ABSTRACT
This specification covers normalized and tempered carbon steel, and liquid quenched and tempered alloy steel forgings for pinions, gears, and shafts for reduction gears. Prior to heat treatment for mechanical properties testing , steel materials may undergo machining and boring, after which specimens shall be stress relieved. Tensile, impact and Brinell hardness tests shall be performed wherein forgings shall conform to the following mechanical properties: tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, Charpy V-notch, and Brinell hardness. Specimens shall also conform to chemical requirements for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, copper, and aluminum.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered carbon steel and quenched and tempered alloy steel forgings for pinions, gears, and shafts.  
1.2 Several grades of steel are covered as follows:  
1.2.1 Grade 1, Class A, is normalized and tempered carbon steel.  
1.2.2 Grade 2, Class B, Grade 3, Class C, Grade 3A, Class D, Grades 4 to 7, Classes E, F, G, and H, Grade 8, Class I, and Grade 9, Class J,
are liquid quenched and tempered alloy steel.  
1.3 All grades and classes are considered weldable under proper conditions. Welding technique is of fundamental importance and it is presupposed that welding procedure and inspection shall be in accordance with approved methods for the class of material used.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2016
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.06 - Steel Forgings and Billets
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A291/A291M-16 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears
Effective Date
01-Dec-2016
Replaced By
ASTM A291/A291M-17 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears
Effective Date
01-Nov-2017
Referred By
ASTM A788/A788M-23 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-Dec-2016

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ASTM A291/A291M-16a - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction GearsASTM A291/A291M-16a - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears
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REDLINE ASTM A291/A291M-16a - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction GearsREDLINE ASTM A291/A291M-16a - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears
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REDLINE ASTM A291/A291M-16a - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A291/A291M −16a
Standard Specification for
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and
1
Shafts for Reduction Gears
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA291/A291M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel
Forgings
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered car-
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
bon steel and quenched and tempered alloy steel forgings for
quirements
pinions, gears, and shafts.
1.2 Several grades of steel are covered as follows:
3. Terminology
1.2.1 Grade 1, Class A, is normalized and tempered carbon
3.1 Definitions:
steel.
3.1.1 gears—rings, disks, cylinders or rectangular bars hav-
1.2.2 Grade 2, Class B, Grade 3, Class C, Grade 3A, Class
ing gear teeth.
D, Grades 4 to 7, Classes E, F, G, and H, Grade 8, Class I, and
Grade 9, Class J, are liquid quenched and tempered alloy steel. 3.1.2 pinions—circular cross section forgings of multiple
diameter with gear teeth on one or more diameters.
1.3 All grades and classes are considered weldable under
3.1.3 shafts—circular cross section forgings of one or more
proper conditions.Welding technique is of fundamental impor-
diameters which do not have integral gear teeth.
tance and it is presupposed that welding procedure and
inspection shall be in accordance with approved methods for
4. Ordering Information
the class of material used.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units 4.1 Instructions for purchasing forgings to this specification
should be in accordance with Specification A788/A788M.In
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each addition, a detailed drawing, sketch, or written description of
the forging should be included with the inquiry or order.
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
4.2 Supplementary requirements are provided and shall
with the standard.
apply only when specified in the purchase order.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5. Heat Treatment
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1 Preliminary Heat Treatment:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1.1 The forgings shall be given such preliminary heat
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
treatment as is proper for the design and composition. The
forgings shall be heated to a suitable temperature for a
2. Referenced Documents
sufficientlengthoftimeforaustenitizationandshallbesuitably
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
cooled to bring about complete transformation.
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
5.1.2 Forgings may be immediately treated for mechanical
Steel Forgings
properties after preliminary heat treatment or may be rough
turned prior to treatment for mechanical properties.
5.2 Heat Treatment for Mechanical Properties—The forg-
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
ing shall be reheated to a temperature above the upper critical
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
temperature and held a sufficient length of time for complete
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published December 2016. Originally
austenitization. Grade 1 shall be air cooled while Grades 2
approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as A291/A291M – 16.
through 9 shall be liquid quenched.
DOI: 10.1520/A0291_A0291M-16A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.3 Tempering—The forgings shall be tempered to develop
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
the specified properties. Minimum tempering temperatures
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. shall be as follows:
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A291/A291M−16a
8. Mechanical Requirements
Minimum Tempering Temperature
Grade Class °F [°C]
8.1 Tensile and Impact Requirements:
1 and 2 A and B 1150 [620]
3, 3A, and 4 C, D, and E 1075 [580]
8.1.1 The material shall conform to the requirements for
5, 6, 7 F, G, and H 1050 [565]
t
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: A291/A291M − 16 A291/A291M − 16a
Standard Specification for
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and
1
Shafts for Reduction Gears
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A291/A291M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered carbon steel and quenched and tempered alloy steel forgings for pinions,
gears, and shafts.
1.2 Several grades of steel are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Grade 1, Class A, is normalized and tempered carbon steel.
1.2.2 Grade 2, Class B, Grade 3, Class C, Grade 3A, Class D, Grades 4 to 7, Classes E, F, G, and H, Grade 8, Class I, and
Grade 9, Class J, are liquid quenched and tempered alloy steel.
1.3 All grades and classes are considered weldable under proper conditions. Welding technique is of fundamental importance
and it is presupposed that welding procedure and inspection shall be in accordance with approved methods for the class of material
used.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 gears—rings, disks, cylinders or rectangular bars having gear teeth.
3.1.2 pinions—circular cross section forgings of multiple diameter with gear teeth on one or more diameters.
3.1.3 shafts—circular cross section forgings of one or more diameters which do not have integral gear teeth.
4. Ordering Information
4.1 Instructions for purchasing forgings to this specification should be in accordance with Specification A788/A788M. In
addition, a detailed drawing, sketch, or written description of the forging should be included with the inquiry or order.
4.2 Supplementary requirements are provided and shall apply only when specified in the purchase order.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.06
on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved May 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2016. Published May 2016December 2016. Originally approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 20152016 as
A291/A291M – 05A291/A291M – 16.(2015). DOI: 10.1520/A0291_A0291M-16.10.1520/A0291_A0291M-16A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A291/A291M − 16a
5. Heat Treatment
5.1 Preliminary Heat Treatment:
5.1.1 The forgings shall be given such preliminary heat treatment as is proper for the design and composition. The forgings shall
be heated to a suitable temperature for a sufficient length of time for austenitization and shall be suitably cooled to bring about
complete transformation.
5.1.2 Forgings may be immediately treated for mechanical properties after preliminary heat treatment or may be rough turned
prior to treatment for mechanical properties.
5.2 Heat Treatment for Mechanical Properties—The forging shall be reheated to a temperature above the upper critical
temperature and held a sufficient length of time for complete austenitization. Grade 1 shall be air cooled while Grades 2 through
9 shall be liquid quenched.
5.3 Tempering—The forgings shall
...

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ASTM A388/A388M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The ultrasonic quality level shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
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1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be subject to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A388/A388M.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
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ASTM A275/A275M-23(Practice)
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ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
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A982/A982M  
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A983/A983M  
Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium Speed Diesel Engines  
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Magnetic Particle Examination of Cont...

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ASTM
ASTM A181/A181M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the carbon steel forgings used for general-purpose piping. Two classes of material are covered, Classes 60 and 70, and classified according to their mechanical properties. Except for flanges of all types, up to and including NPS 4 may be machined from hot-rolled or forged bar. Elbows, return bends, tees, and header tees shall not be machined directly from bar stock. Forgings shall be protected against sudden or too rapid cooling from the rolling or forging while passing through critical range. Heat treatment is neither required nor prohibited, but when applied, it shall consist of tempering, annealing, normalizing, or normalizing and tempering. Heat analysis shall be made to determine the percentage of the following elements: carbon, manganese, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur. The mechanical properties of the material shall conform to the required tensile properties: tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers nonstandard as-forged fittings, valve components, and parts for general service. Forgings made to this specification are limited to a maximum weight of 10 000 lb [4540 kg]. Larger forgings may be ordered to Specification A266/A266M.  
1.2 Two classes of material are covered, designated as Classes 60 and 70, respectively, and are classified in accordance with their mechanical properties as specified in 6.1.  
1.3 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A705/A705M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers age-hardening stainless steel forgings for general use. Materials for forgings shall consist of billets or bars and shall either be forged, rolled, or cast or a section cut from an ingot. The steel specimens shall be solution annealed and age hardened and shall conform to the required values of tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, hardness and impact Charpy-V. The steel materials shall conform to the required chemical compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, aluminum, molybdenum, titanium, copper, nitrogen, columbium, and tantalum.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers age-hardening stainless steel forgings for general use.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 Unless the order specifies an “M” designation, the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
Note 1: Bar products are covered by Specification A564/A564M.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A638/A638M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers hot-finished or cold-finished precipitation hardening iron base superalloy bars, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. The mechanical properties of these alloys are developed by suitable solution treating and precipitation hardening treatments. Two grades of iron base alloy are covered; Grade 660 and Grade 662 (bars and forgings). The material shall meet the requirements as to stress rupture properties specified. The material shall conform to the chemical, mechanical, and metallurgical properties requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers hot-finished or cold-finished precipitation hardening iron base superalloy bars, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. The mechanical properties of these alloys are developed by suitable solution treating and precipitation hardening treatments.  
1.2 Two grades of iron base alloy are covered. Selection will depend upon design, service conditions, mechanical properties, and elevated temperature characteristics.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 Unless the order specifies an “M” designation, the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A668/A668M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the standard requirements for untreated and heat-treated carbon and alloy steel forgings for general industrial use. This specification covers six classes of carbon steels (Class A to F) and seven classes of alloy steels (Class G, H, and J to N). Materials shall be forged by hot mechanical work. Except for Class A, all forgings shall be heat treated, depending on class, by the following techniques: annealed, or normalized, or normalized and tempered (Classes B, C, D, and G); normalized and tempered, or double-normalized and tempered (Class E); quenched and tempered, or normalized, quenched, and tempered (Classes F); normalized and tempered (Class H); normalized and tempered, or normalized, quenched, and tempered (Class J); and normalized, quenched, and tempered (Classes K, L, M, and N). Steel specimens shall undergo heat and product analyses, and shall conform to required chemical compositions for manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur. Steel forgings shall also be tested on their conformance to the following tensile requirements: tensile strength, yield point, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers untreated and heat-treated carbon and alloy steel forgings for general industrial use. Other ASTM specifications for forgings are available for specific applications such as pressure vessels, railroad use, turbine generators, gearing, and others involving special temperature requirements.  
1.2 Hot-rolled or cold finished bars are not within the scope of this specification.  
1.3 Six classes of carbon steel and seven classes of alloy steel forgings are listed (see Section 7), which indicate their required heat treatments, as well as mechanical properties.  
1.4 Provision, with the suffix H for certification and marking, for the supply of forgings after hardness testing only.  
1.5 Supplementary requirements, including those in Specification A788/A788M, of an optional nature are provided. These shall apply only when specified by the purchaser.  
1.6 Appendix X1 lists the current classes corresponding to the various classes of Specifications A235, A237, and A243, which have been superseded by this specification.  
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard; within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.8 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification, the forgings shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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