ASTM A291/A291M-16
(Specification)Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears
Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears
ABSTRACT
This specification covers normalized and tempered carbon steel, and liquid quenched and tempered alloy steel forgings for pinions, gears, and shafts for reduction gears. Prior to heat treatment for mechanical properties testing , steel materials may undergo machining and boring, after which specimens shall be stress relieved. Tensile, impact and Brinell hardness tests shall be performed wherein forgings shall conform to the following mechanical properties: tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, Charpy V-notch, and Brinell hardness. Specimens shall also conform to chemical requirements for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, copper, and aluminum.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered carbon steel and quenched and tempered alloy steel forgings for pinions, gears, and shafts.
1.2 Several grades of steel are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Grade 1, Class A, is normalized and tempered carbon steel.
1.2.2 Grade 2, Class B, Grade 3, Class C, Grade 3A, Class D, Grades 4 to 7, Classes E, F, G, and H, Grade 8, Class I, and Grade 9, Class J,
are liquid quenched and tempered alloy steel.
1.3 All grades and classes are considered weldable under proper conditions. Welding technique is of fundamental importance and it is presupposed that welding procedure and inspection shall be in accordance with approved methods for the class of material used.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:A291/A291M −16
Standard Specification for
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and
1
Shafts for Reduction Gears
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA291/A291M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel
Forgings
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered car-
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
bon steel and quenched and tempered alloy steel forgings for
quirements
pinions, gears, and shafts.
3. Ordering Information
1.2 Several grades of steel are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Grade 1, Class A, is normalized and tempered carbon
3.1 Instructions for purchasing forgings to this specification
steel.
should be in accordance with Specification A788/A788M.In
1.2.2 Grade 2, Class B, Grade 3, Class C, Grade 3A, Class
addition, a detailed drawing, sketch, or written description of
D, Grades 4 to 7, Classes E, F, G, and H, Grade 8, Class I, and
the forging should be included with the inquiry or order.
Grade 9, Class J, are liquid quenched and tempered alloy steel.
3.2 Supplementary requirements are provided and shall
1.3 All grades and classes are considered weldable under
apply only when specified in the purchase order.
proper conditions.Welding technique is of fundamental impor-
4. Heat Treatment
tance and it is presupposed that welding procedure and
inspection shall be in accordance with approved methods for
4.1 Preliminary Heat Treatment:
the class of material used.
4.1.1 The forgings shall be given such preliminary heat
treatment as is proper for the design and composition. The
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
forgings shall be heated to a suitable temperature for a
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
sufficientlengthoftimeforaustenitizationandshallbesuitably
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
cooled to bring about complete transformation.
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
4.1.2 Forgings may be immediately treated for mechanical
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
properties after preliminary heat treatment or may be rough
with the standard.
turned prior to treatment for mechanical properties.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.2 Heat Treatment for Mechanical Properties—The forg-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ing shall be reheated to a temperature above the upper critical
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
temperature and held a sufficient length of time for complete
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
austenitization. Grade 1 shall be air cooled while Grades 2
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
through 9 shall be liquid quenched.
2. Referenced Documents
4.3 Tempering—The forgings shall be tempered to develop
2
the specified properties. Minimum tempering temperatures
2.1 ASTM Standards:
shall be as follows:
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
Steel Forgings
Minimum Tempering Temperature
Grade Class °F [°C]
1 and 2 A and B 1150 [620]
3, 3A, and 4 C, D, and E 1075 [580]
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
5, 6, 7 F, G, and H 1050 [565]
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
8 I 1100 [595]
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
9 J 1000 [540]
Current edition approved May 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originally
The charge shall be cooled under uniform conditions in the
approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as A291/
furnace at a maximum rate of 100°F [55°C] per h to 600°F
A291M – 05(2015). DOI: 10.1520/A0291_A0291M-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or [315°C].
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.4 Stress Relief—If the manufacturer elects to heat treat for
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. mechanical properties prior to machining, the forgings shall be
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A291/A291M−16
stress relieved after machining (see 4.5) at a temperature that is 7.1.3.1 Atleastonetensiontestspecimeneitherlongitudinal
50 to 100°F [30 to 55°C] below the last previ
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: A291/A291M − 05 (Reapproved 2015) A291/A291M − 16
Standard Specification for
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and
1
Shafts for Reduction Gears
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A291/A291M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered carbon steel and quenched and tempered alloy steel forgings for pinions,
gears, and shafts.
1.2 Several grades of steel are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Grade 1, Class A, is normalized and tempered carbon steel.
1.2.2 Grade 2, Class B, Grade 3, Class C, Grade 3A, Class D, Grades 4 to 7, Classes E, F, G, and H, Grade 8, Class I, and
Grade 9, Class J, are liquid quenched and tempered alloy steel.
1.3 All grades and classes are considered weldable under proper conditions. Welding technique is of fundamental importance
and it is presupposed that welding procedure and inspection shall be in accordance with approved methods for the class of material
used.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
3. Ordering Information
3.1 Instructions for purchasing forgings to this specification should be in accordance with Specification A788/A788M. In
addition, a detailed drawing, sketch, or written description of the forging should be included with the inquiry or order.
3.2 Supplementary requirements are provided and shall apply only when specified in the purchase order.
4. Heat Treatment
4.1 Preliminary Heat Treatment:
4.1.1 The forgings shall be given such preliminary heat treatment as is proper for the design and composition. The forgings shall
be heated to a suitable temperature for a sufficient length of time for austenitization and shall be suitably cooled to bring about
complete transformation.
4.1.2 Forgings may be immediately treated for mechanical properties after preliminary heat treatment or may be rough turned
prior to treatment for mechanical properties.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.06
on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved June 1, 2015May 1, 2016. Published June 2015May 2016. Originally approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 20102015 as
A291/A291M – 05A291/A291M – 05(2010).(2015). DOI: 10.1520/A0291_A0291M-05R15.10.1520/A0291_A0291M-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A291/A291M − 16
4.2 Heat Treatment for Mechanical Properties—The forging shall be reheated to a temperature above the upper critical
temperature and held a sufficient length of time for complete austenitization. Grade 1 shall be air cooled while Grades 2 through
9 shall be liquid quenched.
4.3 Tempering—The forgings shall be tempered to develop the specified properties. Minimum tempering temperatures shall be
as follows:
Minimum Tempering Temperature
Grade Class °F [°C]
1 and 2 A and B 1150 [620]
3, 3A, and 4 C, D, and E 1075 [580]
5, 6, 7 F, G, and H 1050 [565]
8 I 1100 [595]
9 J 1000 [540]
The charge shall be cool
...
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