ASTM D1481-17
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer (Withdrawn 2023)
Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer (Withdrawn 2023)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and to access the quality of crude oils.
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15 °C.
5.3 The determination of densities at the elevated temperatures of 40 °C and 100 °C is particularly useful in providing the data needed for the conversion of kinematic viscosities in centistokes (mm2/s) to the corresponding dynamic viscosities in centipoises (mPa·s).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of oils more viscous than 15 mm2/s (cSt) at 20 °C, and of viscous oils and melted waxes at elevated temperatures, but not at temperatures at which the sample would have a vapor pressure of 13.3 kPa (100 mmHg) or above.
Note 1: To determine the densities of less viscous liquids at 20 °C or 25 °C use Test Method D1217.
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to relative density (specific gravity).
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.4.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included in this standard for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covered the determination of the density of oils more viscous than 15 mm2/s (cSt) at 20 °C, and of viscous oils and melted waxes at elevated temperatures, but not at temperatures at which the sample would have a vapor pressure of 13.3 kPa (100 mmHg) or above.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, this test method was withdrawn in December 2023. This standard is being withdrawn because the stated precision estimates are not supported by a published or referenced research report. For this test method to have been reapproved, an interlaboratory study would need to be designed and executed and a research report balloted for proper revision of the precision estimates.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D1481 −17
Standard Test Method for
Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous
1
Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1481; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationofthedensity
2
of oils more viscous than 15 mm /s (cSt) at 20°C, and of
2. Referenced Documents
viscousoilsandmeltedwaxesatelevatedtemperatures,butnot
at temperatures at which the sample would have a vapor 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
pressure of 13.3kPa (100mmHg) or above.
D1217Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
NOTE 1—To determine the densities of less viscous liquids at 20°C or cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
25°C use Test Method D1217.
D1250Guide for Use of the Petroleum MeasurementTables
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for D4052Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
converting density to relative density (specific gravity).
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
3. Terminology
regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
3.1 Definitions:
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
3.1.1 density, n—mass per unit volume at a specified
materials.Cautionshouldbetakenwhenhandlingmercuryand
temperature. D4052
mercurycontainingproducts.SeetheapplicableproductSafety
3.1.2 relative density (specific gravity), n—the ratio of the
Data Sheet (SDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://
www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. density of a material at a stated temperature to the density of
Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury water at a stated temperature. D4052
containing products into your state or country may be prohib-
3
ited by law.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4.1 The liquid is drawn into the bicapillary pycnometer
standard.
through the removable siphon arm and adjusted to volume at
1.4.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included
the temperature of test, in such a manner that there is
in this standard for information only.
practically no drainage in the unfilled tubing. After equilibra-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tion at the test temperature, liquid levels are read, and the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
pycnometer is removed from the thermostated bath, cooled to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
room temperature, and weighed.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.2 Density or relative density (specific gravity), as desired,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- is then calculated from the volume at the test temperature and
theweightofthesample.Theeffectofairbuoyancyisincluded
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the in the calculations.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Subcommittee D02.04.0D on Physical and Chemical Methods. the ASTM website.
3
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2017.PublishedJuly2017.Originallyapproved For a more complete discussion of this procedure, see Lipkin, M. R., Mills, I.
in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D1481–12. DOI: 10.1520/ W., Martin, C. C., and Harvey,W.T., Analytical Chemistry,ANCHA,Vol 21, 1949,
D1481-17. p. 504.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1481−17
FIG. 1 Pycnometer
FIG. 2 Rack for Filling Pycnometer
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical pro
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1481 − 12 D1481 − 17
Standard Test Method for
Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous
1
Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1481; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
2
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of oils more viscous than 15 cStmm at 20°C (mm/s (cSt) at
2
20 °C, /s), and of viscous oils and melted waxes at elevated temperatures, but not at temperatures at which the sample would have
a vapor pressure of 100 mm Hg (13 kPa) 13.3 kPa (100 mmHg) or above.
NOTE 1—To determine the densities of less viscous liquids at 2020 °C or 25°C25 °C use Test Method D1217.
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to relative density (specific gravity).
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central
nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution
should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS)(SDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be
aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included in this standard for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 density, n—mass per unit volume at a specified temperature. D4052
3.1.2 relative density (specific gravity), n—the ratio of the density of a material at a stated temperature to the density of water
at a stated temperature. D4052
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.04.0D on Physical and Chemical Methods.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012June 1, 2017. Published December 2012July 2017. Originally approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 as
D1481–02(2007).D1481 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/D1481-12.10.1520/D1481-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1481 − 17
FIG. 1 Pycnometer
3
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The liquid is drawn into the bicapillary pycnometer through the removable siphon arm and adjusted to volume at the
temperature of test, in such a manner that there is practically no drainage in the unfilled tubing. After equilibration at the test
temperature, liquid levels are read, and the pycnometer is removed from the thermostated bath, cooled to room temperature, and
weighed.
4.2 Density or relative density (specific gravity), as desired, is then calculated from the volume a
...
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