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ASTM D6616-21

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Shear Rate by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 100 °C

Standard Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Shear Rate by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 100 °C

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Viscosity at the shear rate and temperature of this test method is thought to be particularly representative of bearing conditions in large medium speed reciprocating engines as well as automotive and heavy duty engines operating in this temperature regime.  
5.2 The importance of viscosity under these conditions has been stressed in railroad specifications.  
5.3 For other industry needs this method may also be run at 80 °C by using different crossover calibration oils available from the manufacturer. No precision has been determined at this temperature. The equipment is also used at higher temperatures as shown in Test Method D4683 and CEC L-36-90 (also referenced from IP 370).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the viscosity of engine oils at 100 °C and 1·106s–1 using the Tapered Bearing Simulator (TBS) viscometer.2
Note 1: This test method is similar to Test Method D4683 which uses the same TBS viscometer to measure high shear viscosity at 150 °C.  
1.2 The Newtonian calibration oils used to establish this test method range from approximately 5 mPa·s (cP) to 12 mPa·s (cP) at 100 °C and either the manual or automated protocol was used by each participant in developing the precision statement. The viscosity range of the test method at this temperature is from 1 mPa·s (cP) to above 25 mPa·s (cP), depending on the model of TBS.  
1.3 The non-Newtonian reference oil used to establish the shear rate of 1·106s–1 for this test method has a viscosity of approximately 10 mPa·s at 100 °C.  
1.4 Application to petroleum products other than engine oil has not been determined in preparing the viscometric information for this test method.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. This test method uses the milliPascal second (mPa·s) as the unit of viscosity. This unit is equivalent to the centiPoise (cP), which is shown in parentheses.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2020
ICS
17.060 - Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.07 - Flow Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D4683-20 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Viscosity of New and Used Engine Oils at High Shear Rate and High Temperature by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 150 °C
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6616 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Viscosity at High Shear Rate by Tapered Bearing
1
Simulator Viscometer at 100 °C
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6616; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of
6 –1 ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
the viscosity of engine oils at 100 °C and 1·10 s using the
2 Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Tapered Bearing Simulator (TBS) viscometer.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
NOTE 1—This test method is similar to Test Method D4683 which uses
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
the same TBS viscometer to measure high shear viscosity at 150 °C.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 The Newtonian calibration oils used to establish this test
3
method range from approximately 5 mPa·s (cP) to 12 mPa·s
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(cP)at100 °Candeitherthemanualorautomatedprotocolwas
D4683 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity of New and
used by each participant in developing the precision statement.
Used Engine Oils at High Shear Rate and High Tempera-
The viscosity range of the test method at this temperature is
ture by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 150 °C
from 1 mPa·s (cP) to above 25 mPa·s (cP), depending on the
D4741 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Tem-
model of TBS.
peratureandHighShearRatebyTapered-PlugViscometer
4,5
2.2 Coordinating European Council (CEC) Standard:
1.3 The non-Newtonian reference oil used to establish the
6 –1
CEC L-36-90 The Measurement of Lubricant Dynamic
shear rate of 1·10 s for this test method has a viscosity of
Viscosity under Conditions of High Shear
approximately 10 mPa·s at 100 °C.
6,5
2.3 Energy Institute Standard:
1.4 Application to petroleum products other than engine oil
IP 370 Test Method for the Measurement of Lubricant
has not been determined in preparing the viscometric informa-
DynamicViscosityUnderConditionsofHighShearUsing
tion for this test method.
the Ravenfield Viscometer
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3. Terminology
standard. This test method uses the milliPascal second (mPa·s)
3.1 Definitions:
as the unit of viscosity.This unit is equivalent to the centiPoise
3.1.1 density, n—mass per unit volume.
(cP), which is shown in parentheses.
3.1.2 Newtonianoilorfluid,n—anoilorfluidthatatagiven
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
temperature exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates or
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
shear stresses.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.3 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, n—an oil or fluid that
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and to
exhibits a viscosity that varies with changing shear stress or
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
shear rate.
use.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties. the ASTM website.
4
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2021. Published January 2021. Originally Available from Coordinating European Council (CEC), Services provided by
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D6616 – 20a. DOI: Kellen Europe, Avenue Jules Bordet 142 - 1140, Brussels, Belgium, http://
10.1520/D6616-21. www.cectests.org.
2 5
Available from Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI 48642. This This test equipment is identical to that described in CEC L-36-90 (under the
viscometer and associated equipment as listed in the research report was used to jurisdiction of the CEC Engine Lubricants Technical Committee) and IP 370
develop the precision statement. To date, no other equipment has demonstrated, references CEC L-36-90.
6
throughASTM International interlaboratory testing, the ability to meet the precision Available from Energy Institute, 61 New
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6616 − 20a D6616 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Viscosity at High Shear Rate by Tapered Bearing
1
Simulator Viscometer at 100 °C
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6616; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
6 –1
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the viscosity of engine oils at 100 °C and 1·10 s using the Tapered
2
Bearing Simulator (TBS) viscometer.
NOTE 1—This test method is similar to Test Method D4683 which uses the same TBS viscometer to measure high shear viscosity at 150 °C.
1.2 The Newtonian calibration oils used to establish this test method range from approximately 5 mPa·s (cP) to 12 mPa·s (cP) at
100 °C and either the manual or automated protocol was used by each participant in developing the precision statement. The
viscosity range of the test method at this temperature is from 1 mPa·s (cP) to above 25 mPa·s (cP), depending on the model of TBS.
6 –1
1.3 The non-Newtonian reference oil used to establish the shear rate of 1·10 s for this test method has a viscosity of
approximately 10 mPa·s at 100 °C.
1.4 Application to petroleum products other than engine oil has not been determined in preparing the viscometric information for
this test method.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. This
test method uses the milliPascal second (mPa·s) as the unit of viscosity. This unit is equivalent to the centiPoise (cP), which is
shown in parentheses.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability
of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2020Jan. 1, 2021. Published October 2020January 2021. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as
D6616 – 20.D6616 – 20a. DOI: 10.1520/D6616-20A.10.1520/D6616-21.
2
Available from Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI 48642. This viscometer and associated equipment as listed in the research report was used to develop
the precision statement. To date, no other equipment has demonstrated, through ASTM International interlaboratory testing, the ability to meet the precision of this test. This
is not an endorsement or certification by ASTM International.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6616 − 21
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4683 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity of New and Used Engine Oils at High Shear Rate and High Temperature by Tapered
Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 150 °C
D4741 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Temperature and High Shear Rate by Tapered-Plug Viscometer
4,5
2.2 Coordinating European Council (CEC) Standard:
CEC L-36-90 The Measurement of Lubricant Dynamic Viscosity under Conditions of High Shear
6,5
2.3 Energy Institute Standard:
IP 370 Test Method for the Measurement of Lubricant Dynamic Viscosity Under Conditions of High Shear Using the Ravenfield
Viscometer
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 density, n—mass per unit volume at a specified temperature.volume.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
For common fuel and lubricant applications, density at atmospheric pressure is assumed. However, high pressure can impact
density.
3.1.2 Newtonian oil or fluid, n—an oil or fluid that at a given temperature exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates or shear
stresses.
3.1.3 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, n
...

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5.1 Because there are surface tension or kinematic viscosity differences, or both, between the primary standard (7.4) and kinematic viscosity standards (7.5), special procedures using master viscometers are required to “step-up” from the kinematic viscosity of the primary standard to the kinematic viscosities of oil standards.  
5.2 Using master viscometers calibrated according to this practice, an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers in accordance with Specifications D446.  
5.3 Using viscosity oil standards established in this practice, an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers in accordance with Specifications D446.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of master viscometers and viscosity oil standards, both of which may be used to calibrate routine viscometers as described in Test Method D445 and Specifications D446 over the temperature range from 15 °C to 100 °C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 The SI-based units for calibration constants and kinematic viscosities are mm2/s2 and mm 2/s, respectively.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1480-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and to assess the quality of crude oils.  
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15 °C.  
5.3 The determination of densities at the elevated temperatures of 40 °C and 100 °C is particularly useful in providing the data needed for the conversion of kinematic viscosities in mm2/s (centistokes) to the corresponding dynamic viscosities in mPa·s (centipoises).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for the measurement of the density of materials which are fluid at the desired test temperature. Its application is restricted to liquids of vapor pressures below 80 kPa (600 mm Hg) and viscosities below 40 000 mm2/s (cSt) at the test temperature. The method is designed for use at any temperature between 20 °C and 100 °C. It can be used at higher temperatures; however, in this case the precision section does not apply.  
Note 1: For the determination of density of materials which are fluid at normal temperatures, see Test Method D1217.  
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to specific gravity.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7483-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Oscillating Piston Viscometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many petroleum products, as well as non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants for bearings, gears, compressor cylinders, hydraulic equipment, etc. Proper operation of this equipment depends upon the viscosity of these liquids.  
5.2 Oscillating piston viscometers allow viscosity measurement of a broad range of materials including transparent, translucent and opaque liquids. The measurement principle and stainless steel construction makes the Oscillating Piston Viscometer resistant to damage and suitable for portable operations. The measurement itself is automatic and does not require an operator to time the oscillation of the piston. The electromagnetically driven piston mixes the sample while under test. The instrument requires a sample volume of less than 5 mL and typical solvent volume of less than 10 mL which minimizes cleanup effort and waste.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dynamic viscosity and derivation of kinematic viscosity of liquids, such as new and in-service lubricating oils, by means of an oscillating piston viscometer.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids; however the precision statement was developed using Newtonian liquids.  
1.3 The range of dynamic viscosity covered by this test method is from 0.2 mPa·s to 20 000 mPa·s (which is approximately the kinematic viscosity range of 0.2 mm2/s to 22 000 mm2/s for new oils) in the temperature range between –40 °C to 190 °C; however the precision has been determined only for new and used oils in the range of 34 mPa·s to 1150 mPa·s at 40 °C, 5.7 mPa·s to 131 mPa·s at 100 °C, and 46.5 mm2/s to 436 mm2/s at 40 °C.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2161-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity to Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol Viscosity

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 At one time the petroleum industry relied on measuring kinematic viscosity by means of the Saybolt viscometer, and expressing kinematic viscosity in units of Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) and Saybolt Furol Seconds (SFS). This practice is now obsolete in the petroleum industry.  
4.2 This practice establishes the official equations relating SUS and SFS to the SI kinematic viscosity units, mm2/s.  
4.3 This practice allows for the conversion between SUS and SFS units and SI units of kinematic viscosity.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the conversion tables and equations for converting kinematic viscosity in mm2/s at any temperature to Saybolt Universal viscosity in Saybolt Universal seconds (SUS) at the same temperature and for converting kinematic viscosity in mm2/s at 122 °F and 210 °F (50 °C and 98.9 °C) to Saybolt Furol viscosity in Saybolt Furol seconds (SFS) at the same temperatures. Kinematic viscosity values are based on water being 1.0034 mm2/s (cSt) at 68 °F (20 °C).  
1.2 If a method other than Test Method D445 is used to generate the kinematic viscosity data, apply appropriate relative-bias correction factors as found in the precision section of that method, before performing the calculations of this practice.
Note 1: The equations in D2161 were originally empirically derived using data from both D445 and the Saybolt viscometer method. Therefore, it is conceivable that an error could result if the kinematic viscosities used are not bias-corrected to D445 results. It is recommended that kinematic viscosity be reported in millimetres squared per second, instead of Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) or Saybolt Furol Seconds (SFS). This method is being retained for the purpose of calculation of kinematic viscosities from SUS and SFS data that appear in past literature. One millimetre squared per second (mm2/s) equals one centistoke (cSt), which is another unit commonly found in older literature.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for reference information purposes only. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is mm2/s.  
1.3.1 Exception—Fahrenheit temperature units are used in this practice because they are accepted by industry for the type of legacy conversions described in this practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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