ASTM D381-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
Standard Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The true significance of this test method for determining gum in motor gasoline is not firmly established. It has been proved that high gum can cause induction-system deposits and sticking of intake valves, and in most instances, it can be assumed that low gum will ensure absence of induction-system difficulties. The user should, however, realize that the test method is not of itself correlative to induction-system deposits. The primary purpose of the test method, as applied to motor gasoline, is the measurement of the oxidation products formed in the sample prior to or during the comparatively mild conditions of the test procedure. Since many motor gasolines are purposely blended with nonvolatile oils or additives, the heptane extraction step is necessary to remove these from the evaporation residue so that the deleterious material, gum, may be determined. With respect to aviation turbine fuels, large quantities of gum are indicative of contamination of fuel by higher boiling oils or particulate matter and generally reflect poor handling practices in distribution downstream of the refinery.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the existent gum content of aviation fuels, and the gum content of motor gasolines or other volatile distillates in their finished form, (including those containing alcohol and ether type oxygenates and deposit control additives—see Note 7 for additional information) at the time of test.
1.2 Provisions are made for the determination of the heptane insoluble portion of the residue of non-aviation fuels.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa); the accepted SI unit for temperature is degrees Celsius.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.4, and 9.1.
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Designation:D381–09
Standard Test Method for
1
Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D381; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* IP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum
Products
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheexistent
IP 540 Determination of the existent gum content of avia-
gum content of aviation fuels, and the gum content of motor
tion turbine fuel – jet evaporation method
gasolines or other volatile distillates in their finished form,
(including those containing alcohol and ether type oxygenates
3. Terminology
and deposit control additives—see Note 7 for additional
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
information) at the time of test.
3.1.1 existent gum—the evaporation residue of aviation
1.2 Provisionsaremadeforthedeterminationoftheheptane
fuels, without any further treatment.
insoluble portion of the residue of non-aviation fuels.
3.2 For non-aviation fuels, the following definitions apply.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.3 solvent washed gum content—the residue remaining
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
when the evaporation residue (see 3.4) has been washed with
standard.
heptane and the washings discarded.
1.3.1 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa); the
3.3.1 Discussion—Formotorgasolineornon-aviationgaso-
accepted SI unit for temperature is degrees Celsius.
line, solvent washed gum content was previously referred to as
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
existent gum.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.4 unwashed gum content—the evaporation residue of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
product or component under test, without any further treat-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ment.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
warning statements, see 6.4, 7.4, and 9.1.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents 4.1 When testing either aviation or motor gasoline, a 50 6
2 0.5 mL quantity of fuel is evaporated under controlled condi-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tionsoftemperatureandflowofair(seeTable1).Whentesting
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
aviation turbine fuel, a 50 6 0.5 mL quantity of fuel is
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
evaporated under controlled conditions of temperature and
Petroleum Products
flow of steam (see Table 1). For aviation gasoline and aviation
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
turbine fuel, the resulting residue is weighed and reported as
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
milligrams per 100 mL. For motor gasoline, the residue is
Determine Conformance with Specifications
3 weighed before and after extracting with heptane and the
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
results reported as milligrams per 100 mL.
NOTE 1—Specification D1655 allows the existent gum of aviation
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
turbine fuels to be determined by eitherTest Method D381 or IP 540, with
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
TestMethodD381identifiedastherefereetestmethod.TestMethodD381
D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
specifically requires the use of steam as the evaporating medium for
Current edition approved April 15, 2009. Published April 2009. Originally
´1 aviation turbine fuels, whereas IP 540 allows either air or steam as the
approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D381– 04 . DOI:
evaporating medium for aviation turbine fuels.
10.1520/D0381-09.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5. Significance and Use
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
5.1 The true significance of this test method for determining
the ASTM website.
3 gum in motor gasoline is not firmly established. It has been
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
U.K. proved that high gum can cause induction-system deposits and
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
´1
Designation:D381–04 Designation:D381–09
Standard Test Method for
1
Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 381; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—IP 131 is no longer technically equivalent to this test method, and the IP designation was removed editorially in
November 2007.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the existent gum content of aviation fuels, and the gum content of motor
gasolines or other volatile distillates in their finished form, (including those containing alcohol and ether type oxygenates and
deposit control additives—see Note 7 for additional information) at the time of test.
1.2 Provisions are made for the determination of the heptane insoluble portion of the residue of non-aviation fuels.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa); the accepted SI unit for temperature is degrees Celsius.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.4, and 9.1.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: ASTM Standards:
D 1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
3
IP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum Products
IP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum Products
IP 540 Determination of the existent gum content of aviation turbine fuel – jet evaporation method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 existent gum—the evaporation residue of aviation fuels, without any further treatment.
3.2 For non-aviation fuels, the following definitions apply.
3.3 solvent washed gum content—the residue remaining when the evaporation residue (see 3.4) has been washed with heptane
and the washings discarded.
3.3.1 Discussion—For motor gasoline or non-aviation gasoline, solvent washed gum content was previously referred to as
existent gum.
3.4 unwashed gum content—the evaporation residue of the product or component under test, without any further treatment.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1Ameasured quantity of fuel is evaporated under controlled conditions of temperature and flow of air or steam. For aviation
gasoline and aviation turbine fuel, the resulting residue is weighed and reported as milligrams per 100 mL. For motor gasoline,
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14 on
Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originally approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D381– 03.
´1
Current edition approved April 15, 2009. Published April 2009. Originally approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 381– 04 .
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D381–09
the residue is weighed before and after extracting with heptane and the results reported as milligrams per 100 mL.
4.1 When testing either aviation or motor gasoline, a 50 6 0.5 mL quantity of fuel is evaporated under c
...
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