ASTM E2201-02

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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Designation: E 2201 – 02
Standard Terminology for
Coal Combustion Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2201; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope aggregate, lightweight (LWA), n—aggregate of low density.
Examples of LWA include coal bottom ash, pumice, scoria,
1.1 This standard defines terms used in the production,
volcanic cinders, tuff, and diatomite; expanded or sintered
management and use of coal combustion products (CCPs). It is
clay, shale, slate, diatomaceous shale, perlite, vermiculite, or
intended to promote understanding by providing precise tech-
slag; and bonded or sintered coal combustion products
nical definitions of terms used.
(CCPs) used to produce lightweight concrete or component
1.2 Terms used only within an individual coal combustion
products.
product (CCP) standard, and having a meaning unique to that
alkali, n—salts of alkali metals, principally sodium and
standard, may be defined or explained in the terminology
potassium; a hydroxide or carbonate of an alkali metal.
section of that individual standard.
alkali metal, n—a metal in Group 1A of the Periodic Table,
2. Terminology
that is, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and
francium.
acid mine drainage (AMD), n—water exhibiting a pH of less
alkalinity, n—the capacity of water to neutralize acids, a
than 6.0 and in which total acidity exceeds total alkalinity,
property imparted by the water’s content of carbonates,
discharged from an active, inactive or abandoned coal mine
bicarbonates, and hydroxides and occasionally borates, sili-
and reclamation operation or from an area affected by
cates, and phosphates. It is often expressed in milligrams per
surface coal mining and reclamation operations.
liter of calcium carbonate (see calcium carbonate equiva-
acid mine water, n—see AMD.
lent).
admixture, n—a material other than water, aggregates, hy-
ammoniated ash, n—ash that contains ammonia and/or am-
draulic cement, and fiber reinforcement, used as an ingredi-
monium salts as a result of the addition of ammonia or
ent of concrete or mortar, and added to the concrete batch
ammonium salts to the flue gas at the power plant.
immediately before or during its mixing.
angle of repose, n—the maximum angle from horizontal at
advanced sulfur control products (ASC), n—products gen-
which a given material will rest on a particular stationary
erated from advanced coal conversion technologies includ-
surface without sliding or rolling.
ing FBC (fluidized-bed combustion) and gasification and
aquifer , n—a geologic formation, group of formations, or part
products from advanced environmental emission cleanup
of a formation that is saturated with water and capable of
technologies such as duct injection and lime injection
providing a significant quantity of water.
multiphase burners (LIMB). The type of by-product is
ash pond, n—an impoundment or surface impoundment used
technology-dependent and could be a bed ash and high-lime
to store or dispose of ash primarily from the combustion of
fly ash for an FBC technology, etc.
coal. See surface impoundment.
aeration, n—exposing a substance or area to air circulation;
baghouse, n—a facility that removes fly ash from the flue gas
the process of mixing air with a pulverized fuel or a
by the use of fabric filter bags.
powdered material such as fly ash in a transport pipe or
batch, n—quantity of concrete, mortar, ash grout, or flowable
storage bin.
fill mixed at one time.
aggregate, n—granular material such as sand, gravel, crushed
beneficial use of a CCP, n—the use of or substitution of the
stone, crushed hydraulic-cement concrete, iron blast furnace
coal combustion product (CCP) for another product based on
slag, or coal bottom ash and boiler slag used as a component
performance criteria. For purposes of this definition, benefi-
in concrete or mortar with a hydraulic cementing medium to
cial use includes but is not restricted to raw feed for cement
produce either concrete or mortar.
clinker, concrete, grout, flowable fill, controlled low strength
material; structural fill; road base/sub-base; soil- modifica-
tion; mineral filler; snow and ice traction control; blasting
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on
grit and abrasives; roofing granules; mining applications;
Environmental Assessment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E50.03
wallboard; waste stabilization/solidification; soil amendment
on Environmental Risk Management/Sustainable Development/Pollution Preven-
and agriculture.
tion.
Current edition approved March 10, 2002. Published May 2002.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 2201
beneficiation, n—improvement of the chemical or physical stage, at a new or existing facility which will achieve
properties of a raw material or intermediate product by the significant reductions in air emissions of sulfur dioxide or
removal or modification of undesirable components or oxides of nitrogen associated with the utilization of coal in
impurities. the generation of electricity, or process steam which was not
boiler slag, n—a molten ash collected at the base of slag tap in widespread use as of November 15, 1990.
and cyclone boilers that is quenched with water and shatters closure, n—the decommissioning of a disposal facility.
into black, angular particles having a smooth, glassy appear- closure plan, n—a written plan that describes the steps the
ance. owner or operator of the disposal facility will take to close
borrow, n—an area designated as a source for soil in construc- the facility in accordance with regulatory or other require-
tion or mine reclamation projects; a source or sources of ments.
material other than the required excavation. coal ash, n—a collective term referring to any solid materials
bottom ash, n—agglomerated ash particles formed in pulver- or residues (such as fly ash, bottom ash or boiler slag)
ized coal boilers that are too large to be carried in the flue produced primarily from the combustion of coal.
gases and impinge on the boiler walls or fall through open coal combustion products (CCPs), n—fly ash, bottom ash,
grates to an ash hopper at the bottom of the boiler. Bottom boiler slag, fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) ash, or flue gas
ash is typically grey to black in color, is quite angular, and desulfurization (FGD) material produced primarily from the
has a porous surface structure. combustion of coal or the cleaning of the stack gases.
bulk density, n—the mass of a material per unit volume coal mine waste, n—the coal processing waste and under-
including voids. Bulk density is usually reported on a dry ground development waste.
basis. coal processing waste, n—the earth materials which are
calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), n—the content of separated and wasted from the coal during cleaning, concen-
carbonate in a liming material or calcareous soil calculated trating, or other processing or preparation of coal.
as if all the carbonate is in the form of CaCO . coal refuse, n—waste products of coal mining, cleaning, and
calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO ·2H O), n—gypsum; the coal preparation operation (for example, culm, gob, etc.)
4 2
primary product of a forced-oxidation wet flue gas desulfu- containing coal, matrix material, clay, and other organic and
rization system in which additional air is introduced and lime inorganic material. This does not include overburden from
or limestone is used as the reagent. surface mines.
calcium sulfite (CaSO ), n—the primary product of a wet flue compaction, n—the densification of a soil or coal combustion
gas desulfurization system where there is no forced oxida- product by means of mechanical manipulation; reduction in
tion and lime or limestone is used as the reagent. bulk volume of solid waste by rolling and tamping.
cap, n—a layer of clay or other low permeability material conditioned ash, n—ash that has been moistened with water
installed over the top of a closed landfill to prevent entry of during the load out process at the temporary storage silo at
rainwater and minimize leachate. the power plant to allow for its handling, transport, and
carbon reduction process, n—a process to reduce the con- placement without causing fugitive dusting.
centration of carbon in high-carbon fly ash. consolidation, n—the reduction in volume of a fill caused by
cell, n—a portion of a landfill that is isolated, usually by means movement of water out of the fill mass. Consolidation
of soil or an impermeable barrier, from its surroundings. generally occurs due to an increase in the vertical stress on
cementitious ash, n—fly ash, which hardens irreversibly when a fill. It is the movement of water rather than the compres-
mixed with water. Also referred to as self-cementing ash. sion of air-filled voids that distinguishes consolidation from
cementitious material (hydraulic), n—an inorganic material compaction.
or a mixture of inorganic materials that sets and develops controlled low-strength material (CLSM), n—a flowable fill
strength by chemical reaction with water by formation of conforming to ACI 229 R.
hydrates and is capable of doing so under water. cyclone, n—a cone-shaped air-cleaning apparatus that operates
cementitious mixture, n—a combination of more than any by centrifugal separation and is used in particle collecting
one of the following materials to make a cement paste: and fine grinding operations.
hydraulic cement; Portland cement; coal fly ash; FBC ash; deep mine injection, n—placement of materials such as ash
lime; ground granulated blast furnace slag; lime kiln dust; and flue gas cleaning material into underground depleted
cement kiln dust. It may be used by itself for grout, or used mine cavities through boreholes, either pneumatically or
to bind aggregates or fine materials to make concrete or hydraulically.
controlled low strength materials (CLSM), or used for soil density, n—the mass per unit volume; weight per unit volume,
stabilization and solidification. expressed as grams per cubic centimeter or pounds per cubic
class C fly ash, n—fly ash, which meets criteria defined in foot for solids and liquids and usually as grams per liter for
ASTM C 618 for use in concrete. gases.
class F fly ash, n—fly ash, which meets criteria defined in dewatering, v—a physical process which removes sufficient
ASTM C 618 for use in concrete. water from a sludge, FGD material, or ponded ash and FGD
clean coal technology combustion products, n—products solids so that its physical form is changed from essentially
generated from any technology, including technologies ap- that of a fluid to that of a damp solid.
plied at the pre-combustion, combustion, or post combustion dike, n—an embankment or ridge of either natural or synthetic
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 2201
materials used to contain or hold a liquid, slurry, sludge, or wet FGD products, n—the product of wet FGD processes or
other material in ponds. systems. It is composed primarily of water, calcium sulfite/
discharge, n—the release of any solid, liquid or gas waste sulfate solids, and small quantities of fly ash. Wet FGD
stream or any constituent thereof to the environment. products can be thixotropic.
disposal facility, n—a facility or part of a facility at which FGD gypsum, n—gypsum formed from an oxidizing and
waste is intentionally placed into or on any land or water, calcium-based flue gas desulfurization process.
and at which waste will remain after closure. FGD material, n—a product of an FGD process typically
double liners, n—a combination of two synthetic and/or using a high-calcium sorbent such as lime or limestone.
natural buffers acting independently to separate waste from Sodium-based sorbent and high-calcium coal fly ashes are
underlying soil and ground water. also used in some systems. The physical nature of these
drainage blanket, n—a uniform layer of permeable material materials varies from a wet thixotropic sludge to a dry
such as sand, crushed stone, or bottom ash/boiler slag powdered material depending on the process.
installed with properly designed filter media at the base of a FGD material dry scrubbers, n—the dry powdered material
structural fill to maintain the fill in a drained condition. from dry scrubbers that is collected in a baghouse along with
dry fly ash, n—fly ash that has been collected by particulate fly ash and consists of a mixture of sulfites, sulfates, and fly
removal equipment such as electrostatic precipitators, Bag- ash.
houses, mechanical collectors, or fabric filters. fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) ash, n—the fly ash and bed
electrostatic precipitator (ESP), n—a facility that removes ash produced by an FBC boiler.
fly ash from the flue gas by producing an electric charge on fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) bed ash, n—the spent bed
the fly ash and collecting it electrostatically. material that is produced by an FBC boiler. The bed ash is
encapsulation, n—the complete enclosure of a waste in usually collected separately and can be considered as being
another material in such a way as to isolate it from external equivalent to bottom ash in dry bottom or wet-bottom
effects. wall-fired furnace.
ettringite, n—a high-calcium sulfoaluminate mineral (Ca · fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) products, n—the unburned
Al (SO4) (OH) · 26H O). coal, ash, spent bed material, and unreacted sorbent pro-
2 3 12 2
filler, n—a substance added to a system or product to increase duced by an FBC boiler.
bulk, weight, viscosity, opacity, or strength. fly ash, n—coal ash that exits a combustion chamber in the flue
final cover, n—cover material that is applied as part of closure gas and is captured by air pollution control equipment such
of a landfill or surface impoundment. as electrostatic precipitators, Baghouses, and wet scrubbers.
fixated CCPs, n—CCPs that are blended with a cementitious fly ash-lime content, n—the total calcium content of fly ash,
binder to induce or enhance a pozzolanic reaction. including react
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