ASTM D2724-07(2011)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D2724–07 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Methods for
Bonded, Fused, and Laminated Apparel Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2724; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
blister, bonded fabric, bond strength, bubble, crack mark, foam
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for characterizing
tear, fused fabric, fusible fabric, interlining, laminated fabric,
the delamination, strength of bond, appearance, and shrinkage
lot, puckering, solvent, relative humidity.
propensity of bonded, fused, and laminated apparel fabrics
3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
after drycleaning and laundering.
method, refer to Terminology D123.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard; the values in parentheses are provided as information
4. Summary of Test Methods
only.
4.1 Bench marks are placed at specified distances on the
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
fabrics, which are then measured, and subsequently dry-
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
cleaned, or laundered and dried, or both, through a prescribed
address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is
cycle that is repeated a specified number of times. The
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
drycleaned or washed specimens are examined for appearance
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
and delamination and measured to determine any accompany-
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ingshrinkageand,ifdesired,testedtodeterminethestrengthof
2. Referenced Documents the bond.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Significance and Use
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
5.1 These test methods for the determination of properties
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
of bonded, fused, or laminated apparel fabrics, are considered
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
bonded and laminated apparel fabrics since the methods have
Methods
been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
peratures)
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
2.2 AATCC Standard:
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
124 Appearance of Durable Press Fabrics After Repeated
3 assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a com-
Home Launderings
parative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from
3. Terminology thesamelotofmaterialasthesamplesthatresultedindisparate
results during initial testing. Randomly assign specimens in
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the
Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical
testforunpaireddataandaprobabilitylevelchosenpriortothe
testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test
and corrected, or future test results for that material must be
Methods, General.
adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D2724 – 07. DOI:
6. Apparatus and Materials
10.1520/D2724-07R11.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM Wev site, www.astm.org, or
6.1 Drycleaning Machine, single-unit, coin-operated type,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
capable of providing a complete automatic dry-to-dry cycle
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM web site.
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.
Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2724–07 (2011)
NOTE 3—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
using perchlorethylene. It shall consist of a commercial rotat-
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
ing cage type, totally enclosed machine. The diameter of the
between rolls of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll
rotating cage shall be not less than 600 mm (24 in.) and not
of fabric so as to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s
morethan1080mm(42in.).Itsdepthshallbenotlessthan300
risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
mm (12 in.). It shall be fitted with two to four lifters.The speed
7.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
shall be such as to give a g-factor between 0.5 and 0.9 for
tance testing, take a full width swatch 1 m (1 yd) long from the
cleaning and between 35 and 120 for extraction. The machine
end of each roll of fabric in the lot sample, after first discarding
shall be equipped with thermometers for the measurement of
a minimum of1m(1yd)of fabric from the very outside of the
the solvent temperature and the air drying temperature.
roll.
NOTE 1—The g-factor is calculated using Eq 1 or Eq 2:
7.3 Test Specimens—Proceed as follows:
2 7.3.1 Drycleaning and Laundering—Cut four specimens
g 5 1.42n D/100 000 (1)
from each swatch in the laboratory sample with each specimen
g 5 5.59n d/10 000 000 (2)
being 380 by 380 mm (15 by 15 in.) in size, with the one side
of the specimens from a single swatch parallel to the selvage.
where:
Locate two of the specimens from each swatch about ⁄3 of the
n = revolutions per minute,
distance from one selvage and locate the other two specimens
D = cage diameter, in., and
from each swatch about ⁄3 of the distance from the other
d = cage diameter, mm.
selvage. Locate each of the two specimens from one side of the
6.2 Domestic Automatic Washer, top-loading, spin-
swatch along a diagonal line on the swatch so that they will
extracting type.
contain different warp ends and filling picks. Sew a straight
6.3 Domestic Automatic Tumble Dryer, front-loading type.
lineofstitchingaroundeachspecimen25mm(1in.)fromeach
6.4 Aspirated Psychrometer, which meets the requirements
edge. Reserve the rest of the swatch for comparison with the
of Test Method E337.
drycleaned and laundered test specimens.
6.5 Marking Device —A thin sheet of stainless steel or
7.3.2 Strength of Bond—Prepare three test specimens, each
other rigid flat material in which a square opening 254 by 254
measuring 76 mm (3 in.) wide, and 152 mm (6 in.) long, the
mm (10 by 10 in.) has been cut.
length of the specimens corresponding to the lengthwise
6.6 Rule, 305-mm (12-in.) or longer, preferably divided into
direction of the fabric. Do not take the test specimens closer to
tenths of an inch. A premarked device calibrated to give the
the selvage than a distance equal to 20 % of the fabric width.
percentage of shrinkage or growth may also be used.
6.7 Sewing Machine, suitable for sewing a single row of
NOTE 4—Samples that are 51 mm (2 in.) wide may be used as the
stitching, preferably with No. 00 mercerized cotton thread, 25
minimum width.
mm (1 in.) from the edge of the fabric specimen.
8. Conditioning
6.8 Steam Iron, hand type.
6.9 Steam Press, a press, 600 by 1250 mm (24 by 50 in.),
8.1 Bring the samples from the prevailing atmosphere and
or larger, provided with 60 to 70 psig steam pressure at the condition them for at least4hinthe standard atmosphere for
press. Any steam press large enough for pressing a specimen
testing textiles as directed in Practice D1776 if shrinkage is to
380 mm (15 in.) square may be used. be determined. Preconditioning is not necessary.
6.10 Tensile Testing Machine, conforming to Specification
9. Specimen Preparation
D76, either a constant rate of traverse type or a constant rate
ofextensiontype,equippedwithclampshavingawidthof76.2
9.1 Using an indelible fineline marker, mark a 254 by 254
mm (3.00 in.) and preferably calibrated in kilograms with a
mm (10 by 10 in.) reference square centrally located on the
range from 0 to 4.5 kg (0 to 160 oz). The constant rate of
face of each test specimen. Apply three sets of reference
extension type machine is preferred because of the inherently
markings 254 62mm(10 6 0.1 in.) apart, as measured with
lower machine-induced errors in this type of machine.
a rule, in the direction of the fabric length. Locate the markings
6.11 Detergent, home laundry type.
within 25 mm (1 in.) of each end and at the midpoint of each
6.12 Perchlorethylene, commercial grade.
sideofthesquare.Similarly,applythreesetsofmarkingsinthe
direction of the fabric width. Any other method of accurately
NOTE 2—Warning: Perchlorethylene is toxic, and the usual precau-
locating the 254-mm (10-in.) reference marks is satisfactory as
tions for handling chlorinated solvents should be taken. It should be used
long as the three marks on each side of the square are at least
only under well-ventilated conditions. The solvent is nonflammable.
105 mm (4 in.) apart.
6.13 Drycleaning Detergent, anionic drycleaning deter-
gent.
10. Drycleaning Procedure
NOTE 5—Launderable fabrics are expected normally to be dryclean-
7. Sampling
able,exceptwherethefacefabricisnotdrycleanableandissolabeled.For
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
example,thefabriccouldcontainafunctionalfinishsolubleinthesolvent,
or the fiber could be degraded by the solvent, which would be the case
take at random the number of rolls of fabric directed in an
with poly(vinyl chloride) fiber.
applicable material specification or other agreement between
thepurchaserandthesupplier.Considerrollsoffabrictobethe 10.1 Solvent Preparation—Prepare a standard detergent/
primary sampling units. drycleaning solvent mixture by adding sufficient detergent to
D2724–07 (2011)
the solvent to make a 1 % volume/volume solution. Add forViewingTest Specimens,” as described in Fig. 1 ofAATCC
sufficient water to the solution to give a solvent relative Method 124 – 1984. Examine only the area of the test speci-
humidity level of 75 % for the particular drycleaning detergent men bounded by the stitching.
used. Put this solvent in the machine storage tank. The same
11. Laundering Procedure
solution can be used for repeated cleanings until it becomes
11.1 Machine Laundering—Wash the test specimens in the
dirty and needs replacing as long as the necessary water
automatic home laundry machine, using 50 g of laundry
additions to maintain the solvent relative humidity constant are
detergent, or a sufficient amount to give a safe suds level, at the
made prior to each test run. This is so because the specimens
applicable domestic automatic temperature and procedure
being run could conceivably alter the solvent relative humidity
under which the fabric is to be marketed. In the absence of this
forsucceedingtestrunswhilethedetergentlevelwouldremain
information use the “normal” cycle and high water level
constant.
settings and determine the washing temperature according to
10.2 Sample and Dummy Load Preparation— Prepare a
the fabric type and construction as follows:
loadconsistingofallspecimenstobetestedandmadeupto3.6
11.1.1 Face fabrics containing 20 % or more of wool,
kg (8 lb) total with dummy load of approximately 380 by
acetate, modacrylic, or acrylic fibers, 41 6 3°C (105 6 5°F).
380-mm (15 by 15-in.) fabric pieces of similar material.
11.1.2 Face fabrics of tricots, circular knits, woven nylon,
Condition this load at least4hinthe standard atmosphere for
and print fabrics other than those described under 11.1.1,49 6
testing textiles. After the drycleaning operation, condition the
3°C (120 6 5°F).
load again before running through each additional drycleaning
11.1.3 All other woven face fabrics, 60 6 3°C (140 6 5°F).
cycle. Conditioning before each drycleaning cycle is intended
11.2 Load for Machine Laundering—Use a total load of 1.8
to minimize depletion of water from the drycleaning solution
kg (4 lb) including test specimens plus a dummy load of
specified in 10.1.1 which may affect shrinkage results.
approximately 380 by 380 mm (15 by 15 in.) fabrics of similar
10.3 Drycleaning Procedure—Run through the complete
fabric construction. Load all fabrics in the flat position.
dry-to-dry cycle in the machine. Run the solvent phase of the
11.3 Hand Laundering—If the fabrics are to be designated
drycleaning cycle with the solvent no higher than 32°C (90°F).
“Hand Washable,” dissolve 20 g of laundry detergent in 7.6 L
During the drying phase of the drycleaning cycle, either the air
(2gal)ofwaterat41 63°C(105 65°F)ina9.5-L(10-qt)pail
outlet temperature should not exceed 60°C (140°F) or the inlet
and then add two test specimens. Wash by lifting each
air temperature should not exceed 80°C (175°F). If heat-
specimen out of the bath followed by immediate reimmersion
sensitive fibers, for example, modacrylic fibers, are involved,
at least ten times. Just before the final reimmersion, lightly rub
the outlet air temperature should not exceed 40°C (105°F) or
by hand the center of each specimen separately for a period of
the inlet air temperature should not exceed 60°C (140°F).After
1 min. Rinse by transferring the specimens to 7.6 Lof water at
the complete drycleaning cycle, remove the sample from
41 6 3°C (105 6 5°F) and gently agitating the specimens by
machine for examination and reconditioning.
hand for a period of 2 min with no twisting or wringing.
10.4 Repeat the drycleaning operation through two addi-
Remove the specimens and dry as directed in 11.6.
tional cycles. At the end of the third cycle remove the test
11.4 Tumble Drying—Immediately after the first wash
specimens from the machine, lay on a flat surface, smooth the
cycle, as directed in 11.1, remove the test specimens and
test specimens by hand, and examine. Press the test specimens
dummy load from the laundry machine and transfer
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