ASTM B821-23
(Guide)Standard Guide for Liquid Dispersion of Metal Powders and Related Compounds for Particle Size Analysis
Standard Guide for Liquid Dispersion of Metal Powders and Related Compounds for Particle Size Analysis
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The method of powder dispersion in a liquid has a significant effect on the results of a particle size distribution analysis. The analysis will show a too-coarse, unstable, or nonrepeatable distribution if the powder has not been dispersed adequately. It is therefore important that parties wishing to compare their analyses use the same dispersion technique.
4.2 This guide provides ways of deriving dispersion techniques for a range of metal powders and compounds. It should be used by all parties performing liquid-dispersed particle size analysis of all of the materials covered by this guide (see 1.1, 1.2, and 4.1).
4.3 Table 1 provides some dispersion procedures that have been found useful and consistent for the particular materials listed there. These are only suggested dispersion procedures; the procedures and dispersion checks of 7.1.2 – 7.1.4, or the more detailed method development procedures of Guide E3340, should still be used to verify adequate dispersion for each particular material and particle size range. (A) Stated ultrasonic power and duration times are given as an indication only. Specific conditions should be sought for the particular system in question during the method development phase.(B) Tween 21, chemically known as polyoxyethylene6 sorbitan monolaurate, is manufactured by Croda International PLC, and is available from various chemical suppliers.(C) Three to five drops Tween 21 in 30 to 50 mL water.
4.4 This guide should be used in the preparation of powders for use in Test Methods B761 and B822 and other procedures that analyze metal powder particle size distributions in liquid-dispersed systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the dispersion in liquids of metal powders and related compounds for subsequent use in particle size analysis instruments. This guide describes a general procedure for achieving and determining dispersion; it also lists procedures that have been found useful for certain materials.
1.2 This guide does not include specific procedures for dry dispersion of particulate materials. It only indicates when liquid dispersion is not appropriate and dry dispersion must be utilized (see 7.1.2.1). For guidance on development of methods of dry dispersion, see Guide E3340.
1.3 This guide is limited to metal powders and related metal compounds. However, the general procedure described herein may be used, with caution as to its significance, for other particulate materials, such as ceramics, pigments, minerals, etc.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: B821 − 23
Standard Guide for
Liquid Dispersion of Metal Powders and Related
1
Compounds for Particle Size Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B821; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This guide covers the dispersion in liquids of metal 2.1 ASTM Standards:
powders and related compounds for subsequent use in particle B215 Practices for Sampling Metal Powders
size analysis instruments. This guide describes a general B243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
procedure for achieving and determining dispersion; it also B761 Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Metal
lists procedures that have been found useful for certain Powders and Related Compounds by X-Ray Monitoring
materials. of Gravity Sedimentation
B822 Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Metal
1.2 This guide does not include specific procedures for dry
Powders and Related Compounds by Light Scattering
dispersion of particulate materials. It only indicates when
E3340 Guide for Development of Laser Diffraction Particle
liquid dispersion is not appropriate and dry dispersion must be
Size Analysis Methods for Powder Materials
utilized (see 7.1.2.1). For guidance on development of methods
of dry dispersion, see Guide E3340.
3. Terminology
1.3 This guide is limited to metal powders and related metal
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of powder metallurgy terms
compounds. However, the general procedure described herein
can be found in Terminology B243.
may be used, with caution as to its significance, for other
particulate materials, such as ceramics, pigments, minerals, etc.
4. Significance and Use
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded 4.1 The method of powder dispersion in a liquid has a
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
significant effect on the results of a particle size distribution
standard.
analysis. The analysis will show a too-coarse, unstable, or
nonrepeatable distribution if the powder has not been dispersed
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
adequately. It is therefore important that parties wishing to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
compare their analyses use the same dispersion technique.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4.2 This guide provides ways of deriving dispersion tech-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
niques for a range of metal powders and compounds. It should
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
be used by all parties performing liquid-dispersed particle size
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
analysis of all of the materials covered by this guide (see 1.1,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.2, and 4.1).
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4.3 Table 1 provides some dispersion procedures that have
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
been found useful and consistent for the particular materials
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
listed there. These are only suggested dispersion procedures;
the procedures and dispersion checks of 7.1.2 – 7.1.4, or the
more detailed method development procedures of Guide
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal
Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
2
mittee B09.02 on Base Metal Powders. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2023. Published February 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved 2022 as B821 – 22. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/B0821-23. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B821 − 23
TABLE 1 Useful Dispersion Procedures for Some Specific Materials
Ultrasonic
A
Treatment
Carrier Additive Surfactant or Additive
Material
Liquid Stabilizer Concentration
Power
Type Time, min
Level, W
Chromium carbide wate
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: B821 − 22 B821 − 23
Standard Guide for
Liquid Dispersion of Metal Powders and Related
1
Compounds for Particle Size Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B821; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This guide covers the dispersion in liquids of metal powders and related compounds for subsequent use in particle size analysis
instruments. This guide describes a general procedure for achieving and determining dispersion; it also lists procedures that have
been found useful for certain materials.
1.2 This guide does not include specific procedures for dry dispersion of particulate materials. It only indicates when liquid
dispersion is not appropriate and dry dispersion must be utilized (see 7.1.2.1). For guidance on development of methods of dry
dispersion, see Guide E3340.
1.3 This guide is limited to metal powders and related metal compounds. However, the general procedure described herein may
be used, with caution as to its significance, for other particulate materials, such as ceramics, pigments, minerals, etc.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B215 Practices for Sampling Metal Powders
B243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
B761 Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Metal Powders and Related Compounds by X-Ray Monitoring of Gravity
Sedimentation
B822 Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Metal Powders and Related Compounds by Light Scattering
E3340 Guide for Development of Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analysis Methods for Powder Materials
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B09.02
on Base Metal Powders.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2022Feb. 1, 2023. Published December 2022February 2023. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved 20162022 as
B821 – 10B821 – 22.(2016). DOI: 10.1520/B0821-22.10.1520/B0821-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B821 − 23
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of powder metallurgy terms can be found in Terminology B243.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The method of powder dispersion in a liquid has a significant effect on the results of a particle size distribution analysis. The
analysis will show a too-coarse, unstable, or nonrepeatable distribution if the powder has not been dispersed adequately. It is
therefore important that parties wishing to compare their analyses use the same dispersion technique.
4.2 This guide provides ways of deriving dispersion techniques for a range of metal powders and compounds. It should be used
by all parties performing liquid-dispersed particle size analysis of all of the materials covered by this guide (see 1.1, 1.2, and 4.1).
4.3 Table 1 provides some dispersion procedures that have been found useful and consistent for the particular materials listed
there. These are only suggested dispersion procedures; the procedures and dispersion checks of 7.1.2 – 7.1.4, or the more detailed
method development procedures of Guide E3340, should still be used to verify a
...
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