ASTM E2589-23a

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Designation: E2589 − 23 E2589 − 23a
Standard Terminology Relating to
Nonsieving Methods of Powder Characterization
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2589; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Particle size distribution, surface area, and other forms of particle analysis have been commonly
adopted methods of verifying compliance with desired particle specifications for some time. Greater
emphasis is now being placed on inter- and intralaboratory correlation of all particle measurement
systems.
To ensure a better understanding of the comparison of testing results from particle measurement
systems, terminology relating to the measurements must be clearly defined and documented so that
both the recipient and generator of the data are in full agreement as to the meaning of the data. Every
effort has been made here to ensure accuracy, precision, and clarity for the terms included in this
terminology document. For Committee E29, this is an ongoing process with new terms being
developed and defined for future inclusion. Suggestions and comments for additions, corrections, and
revisions are welcomed.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology covers the definitions of terms used in the description and procedures of analysis of particulate materials not
ordinarily analyzed using test sieves. The terms relate directly to the equipment used in analysis, the physical forms of the materials
to be analyzed, and selected descriptive data reduction and analysis formats.
1.2 Committee E29 on Particle and Spray Characterization believes that it is essential to include terms and definitions explicit to
the committee’s scope, regardless of whether the terms appear in existing ASTM standards. Terms that are in common usage and
appear in common-language dictionaries are generally not included, unless they have specific meanings in the context of particle
characterization different from the common-language definitions.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E2578 Practice for Calculation of Mean Sizes/Diameters and Standard Deviations of Particle Size Distributions
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E29 on Particle and Spray Characterization and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E29.02 on
Non-Sieving Methods.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2023Sept. 1, 2023. Published March 2023October 2023. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20222023 as
E2589 – 22.E2589 – 23. DOI: 10.1520/E2589-23.10.1520/E2589-23A.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2589 − 23a
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Interpretation and use of data generated by particle characterization methods is highly dependent on the definitions of terms
describing that data. It is extremely important that those terms be defined in precisely the same way both when comparing data
from different characterization techniques and even when correlating data from the same technique.
3.2 It is likewise important that users of particle characterization methods and the data generated therefrom understand the
principles of the methods, so that differences and similarities in the data can be interpreted in relation to those principles. That
understanding can help to avoid disagreements when data from different characterization methods are compared.
3.3 The definitions contained in this terminology will aid in the interpretation of particle characterization data with respect to the
method(s) used to produce that data.
4. Terminology
area, A,n—in image analysis, sum of pixels representing a binary object.
aspect ratio, n—in image analysis, ratio of the maximum to the minimum dimensions as determined by the technique.
binarization, n—in image analysis, process of reducing a digital image to a binary image.
binary object, n—in image analysis, set of connected binary pixels representing the two dimensional projection of a particle.
binary image, n—in image analysis, image formed by an array of pixels having only two possible values, representing objects
and background, as a result of binarization. Synonymous with binary plane and bitplane.
blind pore, n—open pore having only a single connection with an external surface.
circularity, C,n—in image analysis, a measure of the similarity of a particle’s image to the shape of a circle and defined as C
= √(4πA/P ), where A is the area of the particle’s image and P is the perimeter of the particle’s image.
convex perimeter, P ,n—in image analysis, total length of line segments connecting the Feret tangent points around a binary
C
object.
DISCUSSION—
This is the perimeter that would be obtained if a rubber band was stretched around the object.
cumulative distribution, n—the representation of the total fraction of the population, expressed as either mass-, volume-, area-,
or number-based, that is greater than or less than discrete size values.
dispersion, n—system consisting of particles distributed in a solid, liquid, or gas.
dynamic image analysis, n—particle size and shape analysis using computer image analysis techniques on instantaneously-
captured still-frame projected images of particles in motion.
DISCUSSION—
Some instruments use a moving measurement apparatus on static particles.
electrical sensing zone analysis, n—particle size analysis in which particles suspended in a conductive liquid medium pass
through a narrow orifice in an insulating material separating two electrodes. Each traversing particle generates an electrical
signal proportional to its volume.
electrical sensing zone equivalent spherical diameter, n—diameter of a hypothetical spherical particle that when suspended
in a conducting fluid would yield the same electrical signal as the particle under analysis.
E2589 − 23a
emulsion, n—a system that consists of one liquid dispersed in another.
equivalent aerodynamic diameter, n—the diameter of a unit density sphere that has the same inertial properties as the particle
under analysis, under the same conditions
equivalent area diameter, D,n—in image analysis, diameter of a circle having the same area as the binary object. Syno
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