ASTM D2924-24

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Designation: D2924 − 12 (Reapproved 2023) D2924 − 24
Standard Test Method for
External Pressure Resistance of “Fiberglass”
(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2924; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers determination of the resistance of fiberglass pipe to external pressure. It classifies failures as buckling,
compressive, and leaking. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar
pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.
NOTE 1—For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
NOTE 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics (Withdrawn 2024)
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced Thermosetting
Resin Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023Feb. 1, 2024. Published November 2023February 2024. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 20172023
as D2924 – 12 (2017).(2023). DOI: 10.1520/D2924-12R23.10.1520/D2924-24.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
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D2924 − 24
3.1.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology D883 or F412 and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology D1600,
unless otherwise indicated.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 aggregate, n—a siliceous sand conforming to the requirements of Specification C33/C33M, except that the requirements for
gradation shall not apply.
3.2.2 buckling failure pressure—the external gage pressure at which buckling occurs. Buckling is characterized by a sharp
discontinuity in the pressure-volume change graph and subsequent fracture in the test specimen appearing as an axially oriented
crack. Buckling is an elastic instability type of failure and is normally associated with thin-wall pipe.
3.2.3 compressive failure pressure—the maximum external gage pressure that the specimen will resist without transmission of the
testing fluid through the wall. Compressive failure pressure will not be associated with a sharp discontinuity in the pressure-volume
change graph nor lead to a fracture appearing as a sharp axially oriented crack. It will appear as a fracture which is the result of
reaching the compressive strength limits of the material and is normally associated with thick-wall pipe. Failure is usually
identified by a sudden drop in pressure.
3.2.4 fiberglass pipe, n—a tubular product containing glass fiber reinforcements embedded in or surrounded by cured
thermosetting resin; the composite structure may contain aggregate, granular, or platelet fillers, thixotropic agents, pigments, or
dyes; thermoplastic or thermosetting liners or coatings may be included.
3.2.5 leaking pressure—the external gage pressure at which the test fluid is transmitted through the pipe wall. It is characterized
in this test by continuous volume change indications with no pressure increase.
3.2.6 reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP), n—a fiberglass pipe with aggregate.
3.2.7 reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP), n—a fiberglass pipe without aggregate.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method consists of loading a specimen to failure in a short time interval by means of incrementally increasing external
fluid pressure at a controlled constant temperature. Fluid is also maintained inside the pipe, and changes in the inside volume are
monitored with a bleed hole and fluid level tube. On Cartesian coordinates, pressure versus change in volume is plotted and the
failure pressure selected as indicated by the graph. Scaling constants are presented for extending the results to other diameters.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The values obtained by this test method are applicable only to conditions that specifically duplicate the procedures used.
5.2 After a scaling constant is determined for one diameter, this may be used for calculating the external failure pressures of other
diameters as long as the resin and reinforcement (if used), the wall thickness-to-diameter ratio, and the reinforcement pattern (if
reinforcement is used) are the same.
NOTE 3—Based upon tests conducted on one size of pipe, a scaling constant is calculated according to 10.1 or 10.2. The appropriate constant is used to
calculate failure pressure for other pipe diameters, but it can only be applied if the same resin and reinforcement are used, the wall thickness to diameter
ratios are similar, and the reinforcement pattern is constant.
5.3 In the application of the following test requirements and recommendations, care must be exercised to ensure that the specimens
tested are truly representative of the group being studied.
6. Apparatus (see Figs. 1 and 2)
6.1 Test Chamber—An external chamber capable of withstanding pressures to be encountered. It may be either the type that
applies both hoop and axial loads as shown in Fig. 1 or the type that applies hoop load only as shown in Fig. 2. In either event,
the report shall state which type loading was used for test.
D2924 − 24
FIG. 1 Apparatus Showing Specimen Loading with Both Hoop and Axial Loads
6.2 Weight Change Indicator—The specimen shall be instrumented to measure changes in weight by use of a balance accurate to
within 60.1 g.
6.2.1 Transparent Tube—Connected to the test specimen so that the volume changes of the specimen result in changes in the level
of fluid in the tube. A scale shall be affixed to the tube so variations in fluid level can be recorded. Absolute measurement of volume
change is not required.
6.3 Pressurizing System—A device capable of exerting external fluid pressure to the specimen at a specified constant rate. A
Bourdon-tube pressure gage or recording gage with an accurac
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