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ASTM E502-07

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Selection and Use of ASTM Standards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicals by Closed Cup Methods

Standard Test Method for Selection and Use of ASTM Standards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicals by Closed Cup Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The flash point measures the response of the sample to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.
As a result of physical factors inherent in the apparatus and procedure, the closed cup flash point does not necessarily represent the minimum temperature at which a material can evolve flammable vapors, and the absence of a flash point does not guarantee nonflammability (see Appendix X1 and Appendix X2).
Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. Test Methods D 56, D 93, and D 3278 are specified as test methods for determining the flash point of these materials.  
5.4 If the process or handling conditions dictate the usage of a flammable material at temperatures ranging upward from 5 to 10°C below the closed-cup flash point, then a flammable vapor might be present above the liquid. In such cases, it may be more appropriate to use the temperature limit of flammability (as determined by Test Method E 1232) instead of flash point.
Small scale methods involving equilibrium procedures and only one flame pass per specimen are preferred.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash point of liquid and solid chemical compounds flashing from below 10 to 370°C (16 to 700°F). The procedures and apparatus in Test Methods D 56, D 93, D 3278, D 3828, and D 3941 are to be used. Modification to these procedures are specified for tests on solids and viscous liquids. The significance of the results obtained is discussed along with possible sources of error and factors that might cause interference.
1.2 Suggestions for adapting this procedure to mixtures of chemicals are included (see Appendix X2).
1.3 This test method should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment that take into account all of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See also Section 8.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jan-2007
ICS
71.080.01 - Organic chemicals in general
Technical Committee
E27 - Hazard Potential of Chemicals
Drafting Committee
E27.04 - Flammability and Ignitability of Chemicals
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E502-06a - Standard Test Method for Selection and Use of ASTM Standards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicals by Closed Cup Methods
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Replaced By
ASTM E502-07e1 - Standard Test Method for Selection and Use of ASTM Standards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicals by Closed Cup Methods
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D8175-18 - Standard Test Method for Finite Flash Point Determination of Liquid Wastes by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D8174-18 - Standard Test Method for Finite Flash Point Determination of Liquid Wastes by Small-Scale Closed Cup Tester
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D56-22 - Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1232-07(2019) - Standard Test Method for Temperature Limit of Flammability of Chemicals
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D93-20 - Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007

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ASTM E502-07 - Standard Test Method for Selection and Use of ASTM Standards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicals by Closed Cup MethodsASTM E502-07 - Standard Test Method for Selection and Use of ASTM Standards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicals by Closed Cup Methods
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ASTM E502-07 - Standard Test Method for Selection and Use of ASTM Standards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicals by Closed Cup Methods
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E502–07
Standard Test Method for
Selection and Use of ASTM Standards for the Determination
1
of Flash Point of Chemicals by Closed Cup Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E502; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Closed Cup Tester
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash
D270 Method of Sampling Petroleum and Petroleum Prod-
point of liquid and solid chemical compounds flashing from
3
ucts
below−10 to 370°C (16 to 700°F). The procedures and
D1310 Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of
apparatus in Test Methods D56, D93, D3278, D3828, and
Liquids by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus
D3941 are to be used. Modification to these procedures are
D3278 Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Small
specified for tests on solids and viscous liquids. The signifi-
Scale Closed-Cup Apparatus
cance of the results obtained is discussed along with possible
D3827 Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Gases
sources of error and factors that might cause interference.
in Petroleum and Other Organic Liquids
1.2 Suggestions for adapting this procedure to mixtures of
D3828 TestMethodsforFlashPointbySmallScaleClosed
chemicals are included (see Appendix X2).
Cup Tester
1.3 Thistestmethodshouldbeusedtomeasureanddescribe
D3934 Test Method for Flash/No Flash Test—Equilibrium
the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response
Method by a Closed-Cup Apparatus
to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and
D3941 Test Method for Flash Point by the Equilibrium
shouldnotbeusedtodescribeorappraisethefirehazardorfire
Method With a Closed-Cup Apparatus
risk of materials or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
E681 Test Method for Concentration Limits of Flammabil-
However, results of this test method may be used as elements
ity of Chemicals (Vapors and Gases)
ofafireriskassessmentthattakeintoaccountallofthefactors
E1232 TestMethodforTemperatureLimitofFlammability
that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a
of Chemicals
particular end use.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definition:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 flash point—the lowest temperature, corrected to a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
pressure of 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa) (1013 mbar) at which
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See also Section 8.
application of an ignition source causes the vapors of a
2. Referenced Documents specimen to ignite under specified conditions of test.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
D56 TestMethodforFlashPointbyTagClosedCupTester
4.1 The specimen is placed in a closed cup and in the small
D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
scale method equilibrated at a test temperature, in the Pensky-
Open Cup Tester
MartensMethodheatedatacontrolledratewithstirring,andin
the Tag Method also heated at a controlled rate but without
1
This test method is under jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E27 on Hazard
stirring.Asmall flame is directed into the vapor space of each
Potential of Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E27.04 on
cup at specified intervals, with simultaneous interruption of
Flammability and Ignitability of Chemicals.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2007. Published March 2007. Originally stirringinthePensky-MartensMethod,todeterminewhethera
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E502–06a.
flash occurs or not. In Test Method D3941, the specimen is
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
3
the ASTM website. Withdrawn.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E502–07
heated at a slower rate than in the other controlled heating 8. Hazards
methods, maintaining a small temperature differential between
8.1 Toxicity of Chemical and Combustion Products:
bath and specimen.
8.1.1 Isolate or control operations on toxic or corrosive
materials to prevent exposure to any personnel.
5. Significance and Use
8.1.2 Sinceflashpointtestsareconductedinstillair,theuse
5.1 The flash point measures the response of the sample to
of forced circulation fo
...

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5.1 Autoignition, by its very nature, is dependent on the chemical and physical properties of the material and the method and apparatus employed for its determination. The autoignition temperature by a given method does not necessarily represent the minimum temperature at which a given material will self-ignite in air. The volume of the vessel used is particularly important since lower autoignition temperatures will be achieved in larger vessels. (See Appendix X2.) Vessel material can also be an important factor.  
5.2 The temperatures determined by this test method are those at which air oxidation leads to ignition. These temperatures can be expected to vary with the test pressure and oxygen concentration.  
5.3 This test method is not designed for evaluating materials which are capable of exothermic decomposition. For such materials, ignition is dependent upon the thermal and kinetic properties of the decomposition, the mass of the sample, and the heat transfer characteristics of the system.  
5.4 This test method can be employed for solid chemicals which melt and vaporize or which readily sublime at the test temperature. No condensed phase, liquid or solid, should be present when ignition occurs.  
5.5 This test method is not designed to measure the autoignition temperature of materials which are solids or liquids at the test temperature (for example, wood, paper, cotton, plastics, and high-boiling point chemicals). Such materials will thermally degrade in the flask and the accumulated degradation products may ignite.  
5.6 This test method can be used, with appropriate modifications, for chemicals that are gaseous at atmospheric temperature and pressure.  
5.7 This test method was developed primarily for liquid chemicals but has been employed to test readily vaporized solids. Responsibility for extension of this test method to solids of unknown thermal stability, boiling point, or degradation characteristics rests with the operator.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of hot- and cool-flame autoignition temperatures of a liquid chemical in air at atmospheric pressure in a uniformly heated vessel.  
Note 1: Within certain limitations, this test method can also be used to determine the autoignition temperature of solid chemicals which readily melt and vaporize at temperatures below the test temperature and for chemicals that are gaseous at atmospheric pressure and temperature.
Note 2: After a round robin study, Test Method D2155 was discontinued, and replaced by Test Method E659 in 1978. See also Appendix X2.  
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ASTM E502-21a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Selection and Use of ASTM Standards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicals by Closed Cup Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The flash point measures the response of the sample to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.  
5.2 As a result of physical factors inherent in the apparatus and procedure, the closed cup flash point does not necessarily represent the minimum temperature at which a material can evolve flammable vapors, and the absence of a flash point does not guarantee nonflammability (see Appendix X1 and Appendix X2).  
5.3 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. Test Methods D56, D93, and D3278 are specified as test methods for determining the flash point of these materials.  
5.4 If the process or handling conditions dictate the usage of a flammable material at temperatures ranging upward from 5 to 10°C below the closed-cup flash point, then a flammable vapor might be present above the liquid. In such cases, it may be more appropriate to use the temperature limit of flammability (as determined by Test Method E1232) instead of flash point.  
5.5 For single component samples, small-scale methods involving equilibrium procedures and only one flame pass per specimen are preferred.  
5.6 For mixtures containing small concentrations of volatile components, special procedures are needed to minimize the loss of volatiles, with consequent elevation of the flash point, while the sample is being heated. (See X2.5.)  
5.7 In cases where errors caused by loss of volatiles, downwards flame direction and quenching are unacceptable, the “lower temperature limit of flammability” can be determined instead using Test Method E1232. The temperature limit of flammability test chamber is sufficiently large to overcome flame quenching effects in most cases of practical importance, thus, usually indicating the presence of vapor-phase flammability if it does exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash point of liquid and solid chemical compounds flashing from below −10 to 370°C (16 to 700°F). The procedures and apparatus in Test Methods D56, D93, D3278, D3828, and D3941 are to be used. Modification to these procedures are specified for tests on solids and viscous liquids. The significance of the results obtained is discussed along with possible sources of error and factors that might cause interference.  
1.2 Suggestions for adapting this procedure to mixtures of chemicals are included (see Appendix X2).  
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website — http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm — for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, into your state may be prohibited by state law.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is one of a number of tests conducted on heavy hydrocarbon mixtures to characterize these materials for a refiner or a purchaser. It provides an estimate of the yields of fractions of various boiling ranges.  
5.2 The fractions made by this test method can be used alone or in combination with other fractions to produce samples for analytical studies and quality evaluations.  
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1.1 This test method covers the procedure for distillation of heavy hydrocarbon mixtures having initial boiling points greater than 150 °C (300 °F), such as heavy crude oils, petroleum distillates, residues, and synthetic mixtures. It employs a potstill with a low pressure drop entrainment separator operated under total takeoff conditions. Distillation conditions and equipment performance criteria are specified and typical apparatus is illustrated.  
1.2 This test method details the procedures for the production of distillate fractions of standardized quality in the gas oil and lubricating oil range as well as the production of standard residue. In addition, it provides for the determination of standard distillation curves to the highest atmospheric equivalent temperature possible by conventional distillation.  
1.3 The maximum achievable atmospheric equivalent temperature (AET) is dependent upon the heat tolerance of the charge. For most samples, a temperature up to 565 °C (1050 °F) can be attained. This maximum will be significantly lower for heat sensitive samples (for example, heavy residues) and might be somewhat higher for nonheat sensitive samples.  
1.4 The recommended distillation method for crude oils up to cutpoint 400 °C (752 °F) AET is Test Method D2892. This test method can be used for heavy crude oils with initial boiling points greater than 150 °C (302 °F). However, distillation curves and fraction qualities obtained by these methods are not comparable.  
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4.1 Water-insoluble materials present in a solvent expected to be completely water miscible may interfere with many uses of the solvent. This test method provides a measure of the miscibility of water-soluble solvents with a polar medium-water. It also provides a qualitative indication of the presence or absence of water-immiscible contaminants.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the miscibility of water-soluble solvents with water. While written specifically for testing acetone, isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol), and methyl alcohol (methanol), the method is suitable for testing most water-soluble solvents.  
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Standard Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Chemicals

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Autoignition, by its very nature, is dependent on the chemical and physical properties of the material and the method and apparatus employed for its determination. The autoignition temperature by a given method does not necessarily represent the minimum temperature at which a given material will self-ignite in air. The volume of the vessel used is particularly important since lower autoignition temperatures will be achieved in larger vessels. (See Appendix X2.) Vessel material can also be an important factor.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of hot- and cool-flame autoignition temperatures of a liquid chemical in air at atmospheric pressure in a uniformly heated vessel.  
Note 1: Within certain limitations, this test method can also be used to determine the autoignition temperature of solid chemicals which readily melt and vaporize at temperatures below the test temperature and for chemicals that are gaseous at atmospheric pressure and temperature.
Note 2: After a round robin study, Test Method D2155 was discontinued, and replaced by Test Method E659 in 1978. See also Appendix X2.  
1.2 This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The aniline point (or mixed aniline point) is useful as an aid in the characterization of pure hydrocarbons and in the analysis of hydrocarbon mixtures. Aromatic hydrocarbons exhibit the lowest, and paraffins the highest values. Cycloparaffins and olefins exhibit values that lie between those for paraffins and aromatics. In homologous series the aniline points increase with increasing molecular weight. Although it occasionally is used in combination with other physical properties in correlative methods for hydrocarbon analysis, the aniline point is most often used to provide an estimate of the aromatic hydrocarbon content of mixtures.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the aniline point of petroleum products and hydrocarbon solvents. Test Method A is suitable for transparent samples with an initial boiling point above room temperature and where the aniline point is below the bubble point and above the solidification point of the aniline-sample mixture. Test Method B, a thin-film method, is suitable for samples too dark for testing by Test Method A. Test Methods C and D are for samples that may vaporize appreciably at the aniline point. Test Method D is particularly suitable where only small quantities of sample are available. Test Method E describes a procedure using an automatic apparatus suitable for the range covered by Test Methods A and B.  
1.2 These test methods also cover the determination of the mixed aniline point of petroleum products and hydrocarbon solvents having aniline points below the temperature at which aniline will crystallize from the aniline-sample mixture.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for process control during the manufacture of organic chemicals described in Section 1, for setting specifications, for development and research work, and to determine if contamination was introduced during shipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a general procedure for determining the solidification point of most organic chemicals having appreciable heats of fusion and solidification points between 4 °C and 41 °C.
Note 1: Other test methods for determining freeze point and solidification point of aromatic hydrocarbons include Test Methods D852, D1015, D1016, D3799, D4493, and D6269.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to relatively pure compounds only. Solidification point depression is dependent on impurity concentrations.  
1.3 The following applies to all specified limits in this test method: for purposes of determining conformance with applicable specifications using this test method, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded off “to the nearest unit” in the last right hand digit used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the “rounding-off method” of Practice E29.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Section 8, Hazards.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E324-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Relative Initial and Final Melting Points and the Melting Range of Organic Chemicals

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It has long been recognized that narrow melting range and high final melting point are good indications of high purity in crystalline organic compounds. Several ASTM test methods use these criteria to assay the purity of organic compounds (Note 1).
Note 1: Other ASTM test methods using melting (or freezing point) data to indicate sample purity are Test Methods D852 and D6875.  
5.2 The relatively simple and rapid test prescribed in this test method shows the sample under test to be either more or less pure than the standard sample. For specification purposes, a minimum allowable purity can be assured by setting limits on the differences in final melting points and the melting ranges between the standard sample and the sample under test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination, by a capillary tube method, of the initial melting point and the final melting point, which define the melting range, of samples of organic chemicals whose melting points without decomposition fall between 30 °C and 250 °C.  
1.2 This test method is applicable only to crystalline materials that are sufficiently stable in storage to met the requirements of a satisfactory standard sample as defined in Section 7.  
1.3 This test method is not directly applicable to opaque materials or to noncrystalline materials such as waxes, fats, and fatty acids.  
1.4 Review the current Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid procedures, handling, and safety precautions.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1547-09(2023)(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Industrial and Specialty Chemicals

SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers terminology relating to industrial and specialty chemicals. It is intended to provide an understanding of terms commonly used in test methods, practices, and specifications throughout the industry.  
Note 1: The boldface numbers following each definition refer to E15 standards in which the definition appears. Lightface numbers refer to the E15 subcommittee having jurisdiction.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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