ASTM C16-81(1996)e1

e1
Designation: C 16 – 81 (Reapproved 1996)
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Load Testing Refractory Brick at High Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 16; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Keywords were added editorially in September 1996.
1. Scope 3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory mate-
rials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-
are provided to protect the specimens.
tance to deformation or shear of refractory brick when sub-
jected to a specified compressive load at a specified tempera-
4. Apparatus
ture for a specified time.
4.1 The apparatus shall consist essentially of a furnace and
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
a loading device. It may be constructed in accordance with Fig.
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
1 or Fig. 2 or their equivalent.
information only.
4.1.1 The furnace shall be so constructed that the tempera-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety
ture is substantially uniform in all parts of the furnace. The
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
temperature as measured at any point on the surface of the test
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
specimens shall not differ by more than 10°F (5.5°C) during
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
the holding period of the test or, on test to failure, above
limitations prior to use.
2370°F (1300°C). To accomplish this, it may be necessary to
2. Referenced Documents
install and adjust baffles within the furnace. A minimum of two
burners shall be used. If difficulty is encountered in following
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the low-temperature portion of the schedule (particularly for
E 220 Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by Com-
silica brick), a dual-burner system is recommended, one to
parison Techniques
supply heat for low temperatures and another for the higher
3. Significance and Use
temperatures.
4.2 The temperature shall be measured either with cali-
3.1 The ability of a refractory brick to withstand prescribed
, ,
4 5 6
brated platinum - platinum - rhodium thermocouples, each
loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-
encased in a protection tube with the junction not more than 1
temperature service potential of the material. By definition,
in. (25 mm) from the center of the side or edge of each
refractory brick must resist change due to high temperature;
, ,
4 5 6
specimen or with a calibrated pyrometer. A recording form
and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when
of temperature indicator is recommended. If the optical pyrom-
subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is
eter is used, observations shall be made by sighting on the face
clearly demonstrated when refractory brick are subjected to
of the specimens and in the same relative positions as those
this test method. The test method is normally run at sufficiently
specified for the thermocouples.
high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test
brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result
5. Test Specimen
is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the
5.1 The test specimen shall consist of a minimum of two 9
applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular
1 1
by 4 ⁄2 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76-mm) straight
to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur.
refractory brick, or specimens of this size cut from larger
Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimen-
shapes, utilizing as far as possible existing plane surfaces.
sions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method
has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test
method has often been used in the establishment of written
Blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and 2 are
specifications between producers and consumers.
available from ASTM. Request Adjunct No. 12-300160-00.
Method E 220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.
The National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899,
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-8 on will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermo-
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommiteee C08.01 on Strength. couples.
Current edition approved Dec. 28, 1981. Published March 1982. Originally All temperatures specified in this test conform to the International Practical
published as C16 – 17 T. Last previous edition C16 – 77. Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS 1968) as described in Metrologia, Vol 5, No. 2,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03. 1969, pp. 35–44.
C16
SI Equivalents
in. mm
18 460
24 610
NOTE 4—Dimensions are in inches.
FIG. 1 Direct-Load Type Test Furnace
5.2 If necessary, the ends of the specimen shall be ground so sieve (equivalent to a 20-mesh Tyler Standard Series). At the
that they are approximately perpendicular to the vertical axis. top of the test specimen a block of similar highly refractory
5.3 The test specimen shall be measured before testing, four material should be placed, extending through the furnace top to
observations being made on each dimension (length, width, receive the load.
and thickness), at the center of the faces to within 60.02 in.
NOTE 1—Recommended designs for the furnace and loading device are
(0.5 mm). The average dimensions shall be recorded, and the
shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Inside dimensions may vary between those
cross section calculated.
shown on these drawings. The dimensions of the framework will be
determined by the selection made on inside dimensions, thickness of
6. Setting the Test Specimen
refractory wall etc. The framework for either the direct loading or lever
type are shown in sufficient detail so detailed drawings for furnace
6.1 The test specimen, set on end, shall occupy a position in
construction can easily be made. The use of a flue system with either
the furnace so that the center line of the applied load coincides
design is optional.
with the vertical axis of the specimen as indicated in Fig. 1 and
NOTE 2—Gross errors which may more than double the deformation
Fig. 2 and shall rest on a block of some highly refractory
will result if the specimen is not set perpendicular to the base of the
material, neutral to the specimen,
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