ASTM C1175-99a(2004)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:C1175–99a (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Guide to
Test Methods and Standards for Nondestructive Testing of
Advanced Ceramics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics
of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems
1.1 This guide identifies and describes standard procedures
without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
and methods for nondestructive testing of advanced ceramics
E494 Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Mate-
using radiology, ultrasonics, liquid penetrants, and acoustic
rials
emission.
E569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-
1.2 This guide is to identify existing standards for nonde-
tures During Controlled Stimulation
structive testing that have been determined to be (or have been
E587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination by
modified to be) applicable to the examination of advanced
the Contact Method
ceramics. These standards have been generated by, and are
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission
under the jurisdiction of, ASTM Committee E-7 on Nonde-
Sensors
structive Testing. Selection and application of these standards
E664 Practice for the Measurement of theApparentAttenu-
tobefollowedmustbegovernedbyexperienceandthespecific
ation of Longitudinal Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion
requirements in each individual case, together with agreement
Method
between producer and user.
E750 Practice for CharacterizingAcoustic Emission Instru-
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
mentation
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
E797 Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultra-
information only.
sonic Pulse-Echo Contact Method
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility ofAcous-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tic Emission Sensor Response
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
graphic Film Processing
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E1000 Guide for Radioscopy
2. Referenced Documents
E1065 Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic
Search Units
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
eters
E114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Ex-
E1106 Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic
amination by the Contact Method
Emission Sensors
E165 PracticeforLiquidPenetrantExaminationforGeneral
E1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of
Industry
Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
E1208 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced
amination Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification Pro-
Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.03 on Physical
cess
Properties and Non-Destructive Evaluation.
E1209 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as C1175 – 99a. DOI:
amination Using the Water-Washable Process
10.1520/C1175-99AR04.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C1175–99a (2004)
E1210 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex- 6.2 Practice E1079 covers the calibration of transmission
amination Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification Pro- densitometers used to perform radiographic film density mea-
cess surements.
E1219 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
6.2.1 Summary of Practice—Practice E1079 describes the
amination Using the Solvent-Removable Process
necessary apparatus (film strips and instrument), measurement
E1220 Test Method for Visible Penetrant Examination Us-
procedure, recording requirements, and periods of verification
ing Solvent-Removable Process
for calibrating transmission densitometers.
E1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed
6.2.2 Significance and Use—Attaining proper film density
Industrial Radiographic Films
is important to the establishment of valid radiographic film.
E1255 Practice for Radioscopy
PracticeE1079providesameansofevaluatingthereliabilityof
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
transmission densitometers used for the measurement of radio-
E1324 Guide for Measuring Some Electronic Characteris-
graphic film density. The test is not intended to qualify the
tics of Ultrasonic Examination Instruments
radiographs measured by transmission densitometers cali-
E1390 Specification for Illuminators Used for Viewing
brated in accordance with this practice.
Industrial Radiographs
6.3 Guide E1000 is a guide for tutorial purposes only and
E1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
outlines the general principles of radioscopic imaging. This
E1441 Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging
guide describes practices and image quality measuring systems
E1453 Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media that
forreal-timeandnearreal-timenon-filmdetection,display,and
Contains Analog or Digital Radioscopic Data
recording of radioscopic images. These images, used in mate-
E1570 Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Examina-
rials inspection, are generated by penetrating radiation passing
tion
through the subject material and producing an image on the
E1647 Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in
detecting medium.The image detection and display techniques
Radiology
are nonfilm, but the use of photographic film as a means for
E1672 Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) System Se-
permanent recording of the image is not precluded.
lection
6.3.1 Summary of Guide—Guide E1000 outlines the prac-
E1695 Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomog-
tices for the use of radioscopic methods and techniques for
raphy (CT) System Performance
materials examinations. It is intended to provide a basic
E1781 Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic
understanding of the method and the techniques involved. The
Emission Sensors
selection of an imaging device, radiation source, and radiologi-
E1817 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological
cal and optical techniques to achieve a specified quality in
Examination by Using Representative Quality Indicators
radioscopic images is described.
(RQIs)
6.3.2 Significance and Use—Radioscopy is a versatile non-
3. Terminology destructive means for examining an object. It provides imme-
diate information regarding the nature, size, location, and
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
distribution of imperfections, both internal and external. It also
refer to Terminology E1316, Section F for liquid penetrants,
provides a rapid check of the dimensions, mechanical configu-
Section I for ultrasonics, Section D for radiology, and Section
ration, and the presence and positioning of components in a
B for acoustic emission.
mechanism. It indicates in real-time the presence of structural
4. Significance and Use or component imperfections anywhere in a mechanism or an
assembly. Through manipulation, it may provide three-
4.1 This guide is a compilation of standards intended to
dimensional information regarding the nature, sizes, and rela-
provide assistance in selecting appropriate nondestructive ex-
tivepositioningofitemsofinterestwithinanobject,andcanbe
amination for advanced ceramics, and in turn, to provide
further employed to check the functioning of internal mecha-
guidance for performing the examination, as well as ensuring
nisms. Radioscopy permits timely assessments of product
the proper performance of the equipment.
integrity, and allows prompt disposition of the product based
5. Apparatus
on acceptance standards. Although closely related to the
radiographic method, it has much lower operating costs in
5.1 Use the equipment as specified in each standard.
terms of time, manpower, and material. Long-term records of
6. Radiology
the radioscopic image may be obtained through motion-picture
recording (cinefluorography), video recording, or “still” pho-
6.1 Terminology:
tographs using conventional cameras. The radioscopic image
6.1.1 Terminology E1316, Section D, covers the consensus
may be electronically enhanced, digitized, or otherwise pro-
definitions used to describe the various aspects of radiology of
cessed for improved visual image analysis or automatic,
materials.
computer-aided analysis, or both.
6.1.2 Significance and Use—The identification and use of
common terms and definitions are necessary to ensure proper 6.4 Practice E1255 provides application details for radio-
communication between producers, examiners, and users of scopic examination using penetrating radiation. This includes
both nondestructive examination equipment and techniques real-time radioscopy and, for the purposes of this standard,
and advanced ceramics. radioscopy where the motion of the test object must be limited
C1175–99a (2004)
(commonly referred to as near-real-time radioscopy). Since the on the measurement of an image of a focal spot that has been
techniques involved and the applications for radioscopic ex- radiographically recorded with a “pinhole” projection/imaging
amination are diverse, this practice is not intended to be technique.
limiting or restrictive, but rather to address the general appli-
NOTE 1—Line focal spots are associated with vacuum X-ray tubes
cations of the technology and thereby facilitate its use.
whose maximum voltage rating does not generally exceed 500 kV.
6.4.1 The general principles discussed in Practice E1255
6.5.1 Test Method E1165 may not yield meaningful results
apply broadly to penetrating radiation radioscopic systems.
on focal spots whose nominal size is less than 0.3 mm (0.011
However, this document is written specifically for use with
in. (see Note 2)). This test method may also be used to
X-ray and gamma-ray systems.
determine the presence or extent of focal spot damage or
6.4.2 Summary of Practice—Manual evaluation as well as
deterioration that may have occurred due to tube age, tube
computer-aided automated radioscopic examination systems
overloading, and the like. This would entail the production of
are used in a wide variety of penetrating radiation examination
a focal spot radiograph (with the pinhole method) and an
applications. A simple manual evaluation radioscopic exami-
evaluation of the resultant image for pitting, cracking, and the
nation system might consist of a radiation source and a directly
like.
viewed fluorescent screen, suitably enclosed in a radiation-
protective enclosure. At the other extreme, a complex auto-
NOTE 2—The X-ray tube manufacturer may be contacted for nominal
mated radioscopic examination system might consist of an focal spot dimensions.
X-ray source, a robotic test part manipulator, a radiation-
6.5.2 Significance and Use—Oneofthefactorsaffectingthe
protective enclosure, an electronic image detection system, a
quality of a radiographic image is geometric unsharpness. The
closed circuit television image transmission system, a digital
degree of geometric unsharpness is dependent upon the focal
image processor, a video display, and a digital image archiving
size of the radiation source, the distance between the source
system. All system components are supervised by the host
andtheobjecttoberadiographed,andthedistancebetweenthe
computer, that incorporates the software necessary to not only
object to be radiographed and the film.This test method allows
operate the system components, but to make accept/reject
the user to determine the focal size of the X-ray source and to
decisions as well. Systems having a wide range of capabilities
use this result to establish source-to-object and object-to-film
between these extremes can be assembled using available
distances appropriate for maintaining the desired degree of
components. Guide E1000 lists many different system configu-
geometric unsharpness.
rations.
6.6 Guide E999 establishes guidelines that may be used for
6.4.3 While Practice E1255 outlines the approach to be
the control and maintenance of industrial radiographic film
taken in applying radioscopic real-time examination tech-
processing equipment and materials. The provisions in this
niques, a supplemental document is required covering those
guide are intended to control the reliability of the chemical
3 4
areas where agreement between the provider and user of
process only and are not intended for controlling the accept-
radioscopic examination services is required. Generally, those
ability or quality of industrial radiographic films or of the
areas are application-specific and performance-related, cover-
materials or products radiographed.
ing such areas as system configuration, equipment qualifica-
6.6.1 Summary of Guide—Guide E999 provides instruc-
tion, performance measurement, and interpretation of results.
tions for the mixing of radiographic processing chemicals for
6.4.4 Significance and Use—As with conventional radiog-
both manual and automatic processes and for their storage,
raphy, radioscopic examination is broadly applicable to any
replenishment, and cautions about temperature, deterioration,
material or test object through which a beam of penetrating
and contamination. Recommendations are provided for both
radiation may be passed and detected, including metals,
manual and automated processing of film. Instructions are
plastics, ceramics, composites, and other nonmetallic materi-
given for the activity testing of processing solutions and for
als. In addition to the benefits normally associated with
maintenance of records.
radiography, radioscopic examination is a dynamic, filmless
6.6.2 Significance and Use—Effective use of these guide-
technique,allowingthetestparttobemanipulatedandimaging
lines aids in controlling the consistency and quality of indus-
parameters optimized while the test object is undergoing
trial radiographic film processing. Improper processing can
examination. Recent technologic
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