ASTM C1175-99a

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Designation: C 1175 – 99a
Standard Guide to
Test Methods and Standards for Nondestructive Testing of
Advanced Ceramics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope tures During Controlled Stimulation
E 587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination by
1.1 This guide identifies and describes standard procedures
the Contact Method
and methods for nondestructive testing of advanced ceramics
E 650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission
using radiology, ultrasonics, liquid penetrants, and acoustic
Sensors
emission.
E 664 Practice for Measurement of the Apparent Attenua-
1.2 This guide is to identify existing standards for nonde-
tion of Longitudinal Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion
structive testing that have been determined to be (or have been
Method
modified to be) applicable to the examination of advanced
E 750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-
ceramics. These standards have been generated by, and are
mentation
under the jurisdiction of, ASTM Committee E-7 on Nonde-
E 797 Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultra-
structive Testing. Selection and application of these standards
sonic Pulse-Echo Contact Method
to be followed must be governed by experience and the specific
E 976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acous-
requirements in each individual case, together with agreement
tic Emission Sensor Response
between producer and user.
E 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Ra-
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
diographic Film Processing
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
E 1000 Guide for Radioscopy
information only.
E 1065 Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Search Units
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E 1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
eters
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E 1106 Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emis-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
sion Sensors
2. Referenced Documents
E 1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of
Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 1208 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Testing
amination Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification Pro-
E 114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam
cess
Examination by the Contact Method
E 1209 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination
amination Using the Water-Washable Process
E 317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics
E 1210 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Systems Without the Use
amination Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification Pro-
of Electronic Measurement Instruments
cess
E 494 Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Mate-
E 1219 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
rials
amination Using the Solvent-Removable Process
E 569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-
E 1220 Test Method for Visible Penetrant Examination
Using the Solvent-Removable Process
E 1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-28 on Advanced
Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.02 on Design and
Industrial Radiographic Films
Evaluation. 2
E 1255 Practice for Radioscopy
Current edition approved May 10, 1999. Published August 1999. Originally
published as C 1175 – 91. Last previous edition C 1175 – 99.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 1175 – 99a
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations of transmission densitometers used for the measurement of
E 1324 Guide for Measuring Some Electronic Characteris- radiographic film density. The test is not intended to qualify the
tics of Ultrasonic Examination Instruments
radiographs measured by transmission densitometers cali-
E 1390 Guide for Illuminators Used for Viewing Industrial brated in accordance with this practice.
Radiographs
6.3 Guide E 1000 is a guide for tutorial purposes only and
E 1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
outlines the general principles of radioscopic imaging. This
E 1441 Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging
guide describes practices and image quality measuring systems
E 1453 Guide for Storage of Media That Contains Analog
for real-time and near real-time non-film detection, display, and
or Digital Radioscopic Data
recording of radioscopic images. These images, used in mate-
E 1570 Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Exami-
rials inspection, are generated by penetrating radiation passing
nation
through the subject material and producing an image on the
E 1647 Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in
detecting medium. The image detection and display techniques
Radioscopy
are nonfilm, but the use of photographic film as a means for
E 1672 Guide to Computed Tomography (CT) System Se-
permanent recording of the image is not precluded.
lection
6.3.1 Summary of Guide—Guide E 1000 outlines the prac-
E 1695 Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomog-
2 tices for the use of radioscopic methods and techniques for
raphy (CT) System Performance
materials examinations. It is intended to provide a basic
E 1781 Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic
2 understanding of the method and the techniques involved. The
Emission Transducers
selection of an imaging device, radiation source, and radiologi-
E 1817 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological
cal and optical techniques to achieve a specified quality in
Examination by Using Representative Quality Indicators
2 radioscopic images is described.
(RQIs)
6.3.2 Significance and Use—Radioscopy is a versatile non-
3. Terminology
destructive means for examining an object. It provides imme-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide, diate information regarding the nature, size, location, and
refer to Terminology E 1316, Section F for liquid penetrants, distribution of imperfections, both internal and external. It also
Section I for ultrasonics, Section D for radiology, and Section provides a rapid check of the dimensions, mechanical configu-
B for acoustic emission. ration, and the presence and positioning of components in a
mechanism. It indicates in real-time the presence of structural
4. Significance and Use
or component imperfections anywhere in a mechanism or an
4.1 This guide is a compilation of standards intended to
assembly. Through manipulation, it may provide three-
provide assistance in selecting appropriate nondestructive ex-
dimensional information regarding the nature, sizes, and rela-
amination for advanced ceramics, and in turn, to provide
tive positioning of items of interest within an object, and can be
guidance for performing the examination, as well as ensuring
further employed to check the functioning of internal mecha-
the proper performance of the equipment.
nisms. Radioscopy permits timely assessments of product
integrity, and allows prompt disposition of the product based
5. Apparatus
on acceptance standards. Although closely related to the
5.1 Use the equipment as specified in each standard.
radiographic method, it has much lower operating costs in
terms of time, manpower, and material. Long-term records of
6. Radiology
the radioscopic image may be obtained through motion-picture
6.1 Terminology:
recording (cinefluorography), video recording, or “still” pho-
6.1.1 Terminology E 1316, Section D, covers the consensus
tographs using conventional cameras. The radioscopic image
definitions used to describe the various aspects of radiology of
may be electronically enhanced, digitized, or otherwise pro-
materials.
cessed for improved visual image analysis or automatic,
6.1.2 Significance and Use—The identification and use of
computer-aided analysis, or both.
common terms and definitions are necessary to ensure proper
6.4 Practice E 1255 provides application details for radio-
communication between producers, examiners, and users of
scopic examination using penetrating radiation. This includes
both nondestructive examination equipment and techniques
real-time radioscopy and, for the purposes of this standard,
and advanced ceramics.
radioscopy where the motion of the test object must be limited
6.2 Practice E 1079 covers the calibration of transmission
(commonly referred to as near-real-time radioscopy). Since the
densitometers used to perform radiographic film density mea-
techniques involved and the applications for radioscopic ex-
surements.
amination are diverse, this practice is not intended to be
6.2.1 Summary of Practice—Practice E 1079 describes the
limiting or restrictive, but rather to address the general appli-
necessary apparatus (film strips and instrument), measurement
cations of the technology and thereby facilitate its use.
procedure, recording requirements, and periods of verification
6.4.1 The general principles discussed in Practice E 1255
for calibrating transmission densitometers.
6.2.2 Significance and Use—Attaining proper film density apply broadly to penetrating radiation radioscopic systems.
However, this document is written specifically for use with
is important to the establishment of valid radiographic film.
Practice E 1079 provides a means of evaluating the reliability X-ray and gamma-ray systems.
C 1175 – 99a
6.4.2 Summary of Practice—Manual evaluation as well as deterioration that may have occurred due to tube age, tube
computer-aided automated radioscopic examination systems overloading, and the like. This would entail the production of
are used in a wide variety of penetrating radiation examination a focal spot radiograph (with the pinhole method) and an
applications. A simple manual evaluation radioscopic exami- evaluation of the resultant image for pitting, cracking, and the
nation system might consist of a radiation source and a directly like.
viewed fluorescent screen, suitably enclosed in a radiation-
NOTE 2—The X-ray tube manufacturer may be contacted for nominal
protective enclosure. At the other extreme, a complex auto-
focal spot dimensions.
mated radioscopic examination system might consist of an
6.5.2 Significance and Use—One of the factors affecting the
X-ray source, a robotic test part manipulator, a radiation-
quality of a radiographic image is geometric unsharpness. The
protective enclosure, an electronic image detection system, a
degree of geometric unsharpness is dependent upon the focal
closed circuit television image transmission system, a digital
size of the radiation source, the distance between the source
image processor, a video display, and a digital image archiving
and the object to be radiographed, and the distance between the
system. All system components are supervised by the host
object to be radiographed and the film. This test method allows
computer, that incorporates the software necessary to not only
the user to determine the focal size of the X-ray source and to
operate the system components, but to make accept/reject
use this result to establish source-to-object and object-to-film
decisions as well. Systems having a wide range of capabilities
distances appropriate for maintaining the desired degree of
between these extremes can be assembled using available
geometric unsharpness.
components. Guide E 1000 lists many different system con-
6.6 Guide E 999 establishes guidelines that may be used for
figurations.
the control and maintenance of industrial radiographic film
6.4.3 While Practice E 1255 outlines the approach to be
processing equipment and materials. The provisions in this
taken in applying radioscopic real-time examination tech-
guide are intended to control the reliability of the chemical
niques, a supplemental document is required covering those
3 4
process only and are not intended for controlling the accept-
areas where agreement between the provider and user of
ability or quality of industrial radiographic films or of the
radioscopic examination services is required. Generally, those
materials or products radiographed.
areas are application-specific and performance-related, cover-
6.6.1 Summary of Guide—Guide E 999 provides instruc-
ing such areas as system configuration, equipment qualifica-
tions for the mixing of radiographic processing chemicals for
tion, performance measurement, and interpretation of results.
both manual and automatic processes and for their storage,
6.4.4 Significance and Use—As with conventional radiog-
replenishment, and cautions about temperature, deterioration,
raphy, radioscopic examination is broadly applicable to any
and contamination. Recommendations are provided for both
material or test object through which a beam of penetrating
manual and automated processing of film. Instructions are
radiation may be passed and detected, including metals,
given for the activity testing of processing solutions and for
plastics, ceramics, composites, and other nonmetallic materi-
maintenance of records.
als. In addition to the benefits normally associated with
6.6.2 Significance and Use—Effective use of these guide-
radiography, radioscopic examination is a dynamic, filmless
lines aids in controlling the consistency and quality of indus-
technique, allowing the test part to be manipulated and imaging
trial radiographic film processing. Improper processing can
parameters optimized while the test object is undergoing
obscure the desired radiographic detail even though the proper
examination. Recent technological advances in the area of
radiographic procedure may have been used. The necessity of
projection imaging, detectors, and digital image processing
applying specific control procedures such as those described in
provide acceptable sensitivity for a wide range of applications.
this guide is dependent, to a certain extent, on the degree to
6.5 Test Method E 1165 provides instructions for determin-
which a facility adheres to good processing practices as a
ing the length and width dimensions of line focal spots in
matter of routine procedure.
industrial X-ray tubes (see Note 1). Th
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