ASTM E1486M-14(2022)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1486M − 14 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path
and Levelness Criteria (Metric)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1486M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 This test method covers data collection and analysis
standard.
procedures to determine surface flatness and levelness by
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
calculating waviness indices for survey lines and surfaces,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
elevation differences of defined wheel paths, and levelness
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
indices using SI units.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
NOTE1—Thistestmethodisthecompaniontoinch-poundTestMethod
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E1486.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
NOTE2—Thistestmethodwasnotdevelopedfor,anddoesnotapplyto
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
clay or concrete paver units.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide the user
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
with floor tolerance estimates as follows:
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1.1.1 Local survey line waviness and overall surface
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
waviness indices for floors based on deviations from the
midpoints of imaginary chords as they are moved along a floor
2. Referenced Document
elevation profile survey line. End points of the chords are
2.1 ASTM Standard:
always in contact with the surface. The imaginary chords cut
E1486Test Method for Determining FloorTolerances Using
through any points in the concrete surface higher than the
Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness Criteria
chords.
1.1.1.2 Defined wheel path criteria based on transverse and
3. Terminology
longitudinal elevation differences, change in elevation
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
difference, and root mean square (RMS) elevation difference.
3.1.1 defined wheel path traffıc—traffic on surfaces, or
1.1.1.3 Levelness criteria for surfaces characterized by ei-
specifically identifiable portions thereof, intended for defined
ther of the following methods: the conformance of elevation
linear traffic by vehicles with two primary axles and four
data to the test section elevation data mean; or by the
primary load wheel contact points on the floor and with
conformance of the RMS slope of each survey line to a
corresponding front and rear primary wheels in approximately
specified slope for each survey line.
the same wheel paths.
1.1.2 The averages used throughout these calculations are
therootmeansquares,RMS(thatis,thequadraticmeans).This
3.1.2 levelness—describedintwoways:theconformanceof
test method gives equal importance to humps and dips,
surface elevation data to the mean elevation of a test section,
measured up (+) and down (−), respectively, from the imagi-
elevation conformance; and as the conformance of survey line
nary chords.
slope to a specified slope, RMS levelness.
1.1.3 Appendix X1 is a commentary on this test method.
3.1.2.1 elevation conformance—the percentage of surface
AppendixX2providesacomputerprogramforwavinessindex
elevation data, h, that lie within the tolerance specified from
i
calculations based on this test method.
themeanelevationofatestsectionfromthemeanelevationof
alldatawithinatestsection.Theabsolutevalueofthedistance
ofallpoints,h,fromthetestsectiondatameanistestedagainst
i
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.21
on Serviceability. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E1486M–14. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1486M-14R22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1486M − 14 (2022)
EC = percentage compliance of each survey line to a
L
specified maximum deviation, dmax, from the
mean of all elevation data points within a test
section.
h = elevation of the points along the survey line,
i
mm.
ha = elevation of the points along the survey line of
i
the left wheel path of defined wheel path
traffic, mm.
hb = elevation of the points along the survey line of
FIG. 1 Explanation of Symbols
i
the right wheel path of defined wheel path
traffic, mm.
the specification, dmax. Passing values are counted, and that i = designation of the location of survey points
total is divided by the aggregate quantity of elevation data
along a survey line (i=1, 2, 3 . imax ).
L
imax = total number of survey points along a survey
points for the test section, and percent passing is reported.
L
line.
3.1.2.2 RMS levelness—directionally dependent calculation
imax = total number of survey points along one of the
Lx
of the RMS of the slopes of the least squares fit line through
pair of survey lines, Lx, representing the wheel
successive 4.5m long sections of a survey line, L. The RMS
paths of defined wheel path traffic.
LV is compared to the specified surface slope and specified
L
j = designation of the location of the survey point
maximum deviation to determine compliance.
which is the initial point for a deviation calcu-
3.1.3 Waviness Index Terms:
lation (j=1, 2, 3 . jmax ).
k
3.1.3.1 chord length—the length of an imaginary straight-
jmax = total number of deviation calculations with a
k
edge (chord) joining the two end points at j andj+2k. This
chord length 2ks along a survey line.
length is equal to 2ks (see Fig. 1) where the survey spacing, s,
k = number of spaces of length s between the
is equal to 0.3 m, and where k is equal to 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 to
survey points used for deviation calculations.
define chord lengths of 0.6m, 1.2m, 1.8m, 2.4m, and 3.0 m,
kmax = maximum number (rounded down to an inte-
L
respectively, unless values for s and for k are otherwise stated.
ger) of spaces of length s that can be used for
deviation calculations for imax survey points
3.1.3.2 deviation (D )—the vertical distance between the L
kj
(kmax =5 unless otherwise specified).
surfaceandthemidpoint,j+ks,ofachordoflength2kswhose L
L = designation of survey lines (L=1, 2, 3 .
end points are in contact with the surface.
Lmax).
3.1.3.3 length adjusted RMS deviation (LAD )—calculated
k
LAD = length-adjustedRMSdeviationbasedonpoints
k
for a reference length L of 3 m, unless otherwise stated, in
r
spaced at ks and a reference length of L .
r
order to obtain deviations that are independent of the various
Lg = totalnumberofsurveyspacesbetweenprimary
chord lengths, 2ks.
axles of a vehicle used as the basis for longi-
3.1.3.4 waviness—therelativedegreetowhichasurveyline
tudinal analysis of each pair of survey lines
deviates from a straight line.
representing the wheel paths of defined wheel
path traffic. Lg equals the integer result of the
3.2 Symbols:
primary axle spacing, in metres divided by s.
A = area of test section, m . Lmax = number of survey lines on the test surface.
d = pointi,ofthe(4.5/s+1)pointsubsetofi=1to
L = referencelengthof3m,thelengthtowhichthe
r
imax, where d is a point within the (4.5/s+1) RMS deviations, RMS D , from chord lengths
k
point subset, used to evaluate RMS levelness.
other than 3 m are adjusted.
dh = number of elevation data points of survey line, LD = longitudinal elevation difference between cor-
L i
L, which lie within the maximum allowable responding pairs of points separated by Lg of
deviation from the test section elevation data defined wheel paths, mm (i= 1, 2, 3 .
mean, dmax. (imax −Lg)).
L
D = deviation from chord midpoint,j+k, to the LDC = incremental change in longitudinal elevation
kj i
survey line, mm. difference, LD alongdefinedwheelpathtraffic
i
dmax = specified maximum allowable deviation from wheel paths, mm/m (i= 1, 2, 3 . (im-
the test section elevation data mean.
ax −Lg−1)).
L
EC = percentage of elevation data within a test
Lx = designation of the pair of survey lines used for
section complying to a specified maximum
defined wheel path traffic analysis.
deviation,dmax,fromthemeanofallelevation mh = meanelevationofeach4.5msectionofsurvey
d
data points within a test section. line, L,mm(d= 1, 2, 3 . (imax − 4.5/s)).
L
E1486M − 14 (2022)
4.1.2.5 LDC =longitudinal change in elevation difference
ms = mean slope of the least squares fit line of each
i
d
between front and rear axles on wheel paths of defined wheel
4.5m section of survey line, L, mm/m (d= 1,
path traffic (see Eq 13).
2,3.(imax − 4.5/s)).
L
4.1.2.6 RMS LD =RMS longitudinal elevation difference
n = total number of calculated deviations for sur-
Lx
L
vey line L (equal to the sum of the values of betweenaxlesonwheelpathsofdefinedwheelpathtraffic(see
Eq 14).
jmax for all values of k that are used). n is
k ⇒αL
a weighting factor used in calculating both the 4.1.3 Levelness Equations:
waviness and surface waviness indices. 4.1.3.1 mh =mean elevation of survey line, L, calculated
L
RMS D = root mean square of chord midpoint offset only for use in calculating mh (see Eq 15).
k TS
deviations, D , based on points spaced at ks.
4.1.3.2 mh =mean elevation of a test section, calculated
kj
TS
RMS LD = root mean square of longitudinal elevation
only for use in calculating dh (see Eq 16).
Lx
L
differences, LD, on paired wheel path survey
4.1.3.3 dh =numberofelevationdatapointsofsurveyline,
i
L
lines for defined wheel path traffic, with pri-
L, passing the specification, dmax, used for calculating both
mary axles separated by L , mm.
EC and EC (see Eq 17 and 18).
g
L
RMS TD = root mean square of transverse elevation
Lx
4.1.3.4 EC =percentage of elevation data points on survey
L
differences, TD, on paired wheel path survey
i line, L, which comply with dmax (see Eq 19).
lines for defined wheel path traffic, mm.
4.1.3.5 EC =percentage of elevation data points within a
RMS LV = RMS levelness, calculated as the root mean
L
test section complying with dmax (see Eq 20).
square slope of each survey line, L, mm/m.
4.1.3.6 mh =mean elevation of each 4.5m section of
d
s = spacingbetweenadjacentsurveypointsalonga
survey line, L, calculated only for use in calculating RMS
survey line (0.3 m unless a smaller value is
LV (see Eq 21).
L
stated), m.
4.1.3.7 ms =meanslopeoftheleastsquaresfitlineofeach
d
SWI = surfacewavinessindexdeterminedbycombin-
4.5m section of survey line, L, calculated only for use in
ing the waviness indices of all the survey lines
calculating RMS LV (see Eq 22).
L
on the test surface, mm.
4.1.3.8 RMS LV =RMS of least squares fit 4.5m slopes
L
TD = transverse elevation difference between corre-
i
(see Eq 23).
sponding points of defined wheel path traffic
wheel paths, mm (i= 1, 2, 3 . imax ). 4.2 Waviness Index—Chord Length Range:
Lx
TDC = incremental change in transverse elevation
4.2.1 Unless a different range is specified, the waviness
i
difference, TD alongdefinedwheelpathtraffic
index,WI ,shallbecalculatedfora0.6m,1.2m,1.8m,2.4m,
i L
wheel paths, mm/m (i= 1, 2, 3 . (im-
and 3.0m chord length range.
ax −1)).
4.2.2 Thechordlength,2ks,islimitedbythetotalnumberof
Lx
WI = waviness index for survey line L with chord
L survey points along a survey line. To ensure that the elevation
length range from 0.6 to 3.0 m unless a
of every survey point is included in the deviation calculation
different range is stated, mm.
thatusesthelargestvalueof k,themaximumvalueof k,called
kmax , is determined by:
3.3 Sign Convention—Up is the positive direction; L
consequently, the higher the survey point, the larger its h
i kmax 5 imax /3 ~roundeddowntoaninteger! (1)
L L
value.
4.2.3 Reduce the maximum chord length so that 2(kmax )s
L
4. Summary of Test Method
is approximately equal to the maximum length that is of
concern to the user.
4.1 Equations—Equations are provided to determine the
following characteristics:
NOTE 3—For longer survey lines, kmax , determined using Eq 1,
L
permits the use of chord lengths 2ks longer than those of interest or
4.1.1 Waviness Index Equations:
concern to the floor user.
4.1.1.1 RMS D =RMS deviation (see Eq 4).
k
4.1.1.2 LAD =length-adjusted deviation (see Eq 5).
4.2.4 The maximum chord length for suspended floor slabs
k
4.1.1.3 WI =waviness index (see Eq 6 and 7).
shall be 1.2 m, unless the slab has been placed without camber
L
4.1.1.4 SWI =surface waviness index (see Eq 8).
and the shoring remains in place.
4.1.1.5 |D |=absolute value of the length adjusted devia-
kj
4.3 Waviness Index—Maximum Number of Deviation Mea-
tion (see Eq 24).
surements per Chord Length:
4.1.2 Defined Wheel Path Traffıc Equations:
4.3.1 As the values of k are increased from 1 to kmax . the
L
4.1.2.1 TD =transverse elevation difference between the
i
number of deviation calculations decreases.
wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic (see Eq 9).
jmax 5 imax 2 2k (2)
4.1.2.2 TDC =transverse change in elevation difference
k L
i
between wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic (see Eq 10).
4.4 Waviness Index—Deviation:
4.1.2.3 RMS TD =RMS transverse elevation difference
Lx
4.4.1 As shown in Fig. 1, the deviation, D , is
kj
between wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic (see Eq 11).
4.1.2.4 LD = longitudinal elevation difference between
i
D 5 h 2 ~h 1h !mm (3)
kj j1k j j12k
frontandrearaxlesonwheelpathsofdefinedwheelpathtraffic
(see Eq 12). 4.5 Waviness Index—RMS Deviation:
E1486M − 14 (2022)
4.5.1 RMS D is calculated for each chord length using all ha 1hb ha 1hb
i1Lg i1Lg i i
k
LD 5 2 mm (12)
SS D S DD
i
points along the survey line. 2 2
jmax
k 4.9.5 Longitudinal Change in Elevation Difference—LDC
i
D
( kj is calculated for a pair of wheel path survey lines, using Eq 13
j51
RMSD 5 mm (4)
!
k (i= 1, 2, 3 . (imax −Lg− 1)).
jmax Lx
k
LDC 5 ~LD 2 LD !/smm/m (13)
i i11 i
4.6 Waviness Index—Length-Adjusted Deviations: LAD is
k
calculated for a reference length, L , using Eq 5.
r 4.9.6 LongitudinalRMSElevationDifference—RMSLD is
Lx
calculated for a pair of wheel path survey lines, using Eq 14.
jmax
k
L
r
D
F G
kj
(
~imax 2Lg!
2ks Lx
j51
LAD 5 mm (5)
k ! LD
( i
jmax
k
i51
RMSLD 5 mm (14)
Lx !
imax 2 Lg
~ !
Lx
4.7 Waviness Index—The values of LAD obtained for each
k
value of k shall be combined with other LAD values for each
4.10 Calculations for Elevation Conformance:
line L by weighing the values in proportion to jmax to obtain
4.10.1 MeanElevationofSurveyLine—mh iscalculatedfor
k
L
the waviness index, WI :
survey line, L, using Eq 15.
L
imax
L
kmax
L
h
jmax LAD ( i
~ !
( k k
i51
k51
mh 5 mm (15)
WI 5 mm (6) L
!
L
imax
n L
L
4.10.2 MeanElevationofaTestSection—mh iscalculated
TS
where:
for a test section using Eq 16.
kmax
L
Lmax
n 5 jmax (7) L
L ( k
k51
mh
( L
L51
4.8 SurfaceWavinessIndex—Theindividualvaluesofwavi-
mh 5 mm (16)
TS
Lmax
ness index, WI obtained for each survey line shall be
L
combined to give a surface waviness index, SWI, by combin- 4.10.3 Elevation Points Passing—dh the number of eleva-
L
ing them in proportion to n : tion data points that lie within the maximum allowable
L
deviation, dmax, from the test section elevation data mean is
L
max
2 calculated using Eq 17 and 18.
n WI
( L L
L51
imax
Lmax
L
SWI 5 mm (8)
L 1 x
max ? ?
dh 5 11 (17)
S D
! L ( (
n
L 2 x
( L51 imax
L51
where:
4.9 Defined Wheel Path Calculations:
x 5 dmax 2 h 2 mh (18)
i TS
? ?
4.9.1 TransverseElevationDifference—TD iscalculatedfor
i
and
a pair of wheel path survey lines, using Eq 9 (i= 1, 2, 3.
x
? ?
imax ).
Lx 5 0whenx 5 0
x
TD 5 ~hb 2 ha !mm (9)
i i i
4.10.4 Elevation Conformance of a Survey Line—EC is
where TD is positive when the right wheel path is higher
L
i
than the left, and negative when the right wheel path is calculated using Eq 19.
lower than the left.
dh
L
EC 5 100 % (19)
L F G
4.9.2 Transverse Change in Elevation Difference—TDC is imax
L
i
calculatedforeachpairofwheelpathsurveylines,usingEq10
4.10.5 Elevation Conformance of a Test Section—EC is
(i= 1, 2, 3 . (imax –1)).
Lx
calculated using Eq 20.
TDC 5 TD 2 TD /s mm/m (10)
~ !
i i11 i
Lmax
where TDC is positive when the vehicle tilted left from its
i dh
( L
L51
previous position, and negative when it is tilted right from
EC 5 100 % (20)
Lmax
its previous position (i= 1, 2, 3 . imax ).
Lx
3 4
imax
( L
L51
4.9.3 Transverse RMS Elevation Difference—RMS TD is
Lx
4.11 Calculations for RMS Levelness—RMS LV , the RMs
L
calculated for a pair of wheel path survey lines, using Eq 11.
of the successive 4.5m least squares fit slopes of each survey
imax
Lx
line, L, is calculated using Eq 21 through Eq 23.
TD
( i
4.11.1 MeanElevationover4.5m—mh ,themeanelevation
i51
d
RMSTD 5 mm (11)
!
Lx
imax
for each 4.5m section of survey line, L, is calculated using Eq
Lx
21 (d=1, 2, 3 . (imax −4.5/s)).
L
4.9.4 Longitudinal Elevation Difference—LD is calculated
i
d14.5/s
h
for a pair of wheel path survey lines, using Eq 12(i=1,2,3 i
mh 5 mm (21)
d (
4.5/s11
... (imax −Lg)). i5d
Lx
E1486M − 14 (2022)
4.11.2 Least Squares Fit Slope over 4.5 m—ms , the mean test method. Examples of Type I point elevation measurement
d
slope of the least squares fit line through each 4.5m section of devices include, but are not limited to:
survey line, L, is calculated using Eq 22 (d=1, 2, 3 . (imax
6.1.1.1 Leveled Straightedge,
L−4.5/ s)).
6.1.1.2 OpticalorLaserLevel,withvernierorscaledtarget,
d14.5/s
6.1.1.3 Taut Level Wire, with gage to measure vertical
2 i 2 d11 h
~ !
i
(
6 distance from wire to floor,
i5d
F G
ms 5 2 mh mm/m (22)
d d
15 4.5/s11 4.5/s12
~ !~ ! 6.1.1.4 Floor Profilometer, a device that moves along a line
on the floor’s surface and produces a continuous record of the
4.11.3 RMS Levelness—RMS LV , the RMS of the slopes of
L
elevation, and
all 4.5m sections of survey line, L, is calculated using Eq 23
6.1.1.5 Laser Imaging Device.
(d= 1, 2, 3 . (imax −4.5/s)).
L
6.1.2 Type IIApparatus—a device capable of measuring the
imax 24.5/s
~ !
L
elevation differences between sequential points spaced at
ms
( d
d51
regular specified intervals along a straight line across the floor
RMSLV 5 mm/m (23)
!
L
~imax 2 4.5/s!
L surface shall be used for this test method. Since the results
obtained with this test method varies slightly depending on the
5. Significance and Use
particular measurement device employed, all project partici-
pantsshallagreeonthemeasurementdevicetobeusedpriorto
5.1 This test method provides statistical and graphical
information concerning floor surface profiles. the application of this test method for contract specification
enforcement. Examples of Type II point elevation measure-
5.2 Results of this test method are for the purpose of the
ment devices include, but are not limited to:
following:
6.1.2.1 Inclinometer—a device that measures the angle be-
5.2.1 Establishing compliance of random or fixed-path traf-
tween the horizontal and the line joining the two points of
ficked floor surfaces with specified tolerances;
contact with the floor’s surface, and
5.2.2 Evaluatingtheeffectofdifferentconstructionmethods
6.1.2.2 Longitudinal Differential Floor Profilometer—a de-
on the waviness of the resulting floor surface;
vicethatmovesalongalineonthefloor’ssurfaceandproduces
5.2.3 Investigating the curling and deflection of concrete
a record of the individual elevation differences.
floor surfaces;
5.2.4 Establishing, evaluating, and investigating the profile
6.2 Ancillary Equipment:
characteristics of other surfaces; and
6.2.1 Measurement Tape, and
5.2.5 Establishing, evaluating, and investigating the level-
6.2.2 Chalk Line, (or other means for marking straight lines
ness characteristics of surfaces.
on the test surface).
5.3 Application:
6.3 Data Recorder—a convenient means for recording the
5.3.1 Random Traffıc—When the traffic patterns across a
readings and the information described in the Procedure
floor are not fixed, two sets of survey lines approximately
section shall be suitable for this test method. Examples of
equally spaced and at right angles to each other shall be used.
means for data recording include, but are not limited to:
The survey lines shall be spaced across the test section to
6.3.1 Manual Data Sheet,
producelinesofapproximatelyequaltotallength,bothparallel
to and perpendicular to the longest test section boundary.
6.3.2 Magnetic Tape Recorder, (voice or direct input),
Limits are specified in 7.2.2 and 7.3.2.
6.3.3 Paper Chart Recorder, and
5.3.2 Defined Wheel Path Traffıc—For surfaces primarily
6.3.4 Direct Computer Input.
intended for defined wheel path traffic, only two wheel paths
and the initial transverse elevation difference (“side-to-side”)
7. Procedure
between wheels shall be surveyed.
7.1 Test Sections—Divide the test surface into test sections.
5.3.3 Time of Measurement—For new concrete floor
Assignadifferentidentificationnumbertoeachtestsectionand
construction, the elevation measurements shall be made within
record the locations of all test section boundaries. No portion
72 h of final concrete finishing. For existing structures,
of the test surface shall be associated with more than one test
measurements shall be taken as appropriate.
section.
5.3.4 Elevation Conformance—Use is restricted to shored,
suspended surfaces.
7.2 Survey Lines:
5.3.5 RMS Levelness—Use is unrestricted, except that it is
7.2.1 Establishthenumberandlocationofsurveylinestobe
excluded from use with cambered surfaces and unshored,
used in each test section. Assign a different identification
elevated surfaces.
number to each survey line and mark each survey line on the
test surface. Survey lines shall be parallel to the principal axes
6. Apparatus
of each concrete placement.
6.1 Point Elevation Measurement Device:
NOTE4—Typicalspacingofsurveylinesshouldbe10morlessinorder
6.1.1 Type I Apparatus—a device capable of measuring the
to obtain a sufficiently large statistical sample.
elevationsofaseriesofpointsspacedatregularintervalsalong
astraightlinemarkedonthefloorsurfaceshallbeusedforthis 7.2.2 No survey line shall be shorter than 15 s.
E1486M − 14 (2022)
7.2.3 Survey lines shall not be prohibited from crossing 8.2.3 For each value of k, calculate the total number of
control joints and construction joints, but shall not cross deviationswithachordlength2ksalongasurveylineusingEq
planned changes in surface slope. Record location of joints in 2.
data collected.
8.3 Deviation—For each value of k, choose all values of j
7.2.4 For defined wheel path traffic, survey lines shall be
starting with 1 and increasing to jmax . Using Eq 3, calculate
k
equalinlength,measuredinthesamedirection,andthesurvey
the deviation from the elevations of the three survey points.
points on each line shall be directly opposite each other,
8.4 RMS Deviation—Sum the values of D and calculate
kj
numbered in identical sequence. Each survey line shall be
the RMS D , using Eq 4.
k
centereduponthemidpointofthewheelwidth.Labeleachpair
of wheel path survey lines as L , where L is the pair
8.5 Length-Adjusted Deviation—Calculate the LAD , using
x x
k
designator, for example, (L =1x, 2 x, 3x .).
Eq 5 for a reference length, L .
x r
7.2.5 For elevation conformance, measure each h for all
8.6 Waviness Index—WI is calculated using Eq 6,by
L
survey lines, L, in millimetres, deviation from a common
combining all the LAD values for that line. Eq 7 is used to
k
benchmark, within each test section to be evaluated; and either
determine n .
L
measure or calculate all successive h so that each is relative to
i
8.7 Location of the Largest Deviations—For the different
the benchmark.
values of k determine the locations where the length adjusted
7.2.6 For RMS levelness, orient each survey line, L, in line
deviations are larger in magnitude than twice the waviness
with each specified slope to be tested.
index. This occurs when:
7.3 Survey Points:
2ks
7.3.1 Subdivide each survey line into spaces of length, s.
D .2WIΠmm (24)
? kj? L
L
Sequentially number each successive point down the survey
r
line as 1, 2, 3, and so forth.
where:
7.3.2 The minimum total number of survey points in a test
|D | = the absolute value of D
kj kj
section with an area, A, in square metres, shall be A/1.5 for
8.8 Repeat 8.1 – 8.7 for all survey lines on the test section.
random traffic floors.
7.3.3 For defined wheel path traffic, points on each pair of
8.9 Surface Waviness Index—Combine all WI values to
L
wheel path survey lines shall be located directly opposite each
obtain the SWI, using Eq 8.
other.
8.10 Additional Requirements for Defined Wheel Path Traf-
7.3.4 For defined wheel path traffic, assign the total number
fic:
of survey points, imax , of either survey line of the pair to
L
8.10.1 Transverse Elevation Difference—Calculate the
imax .
Lx
transverse elevation differences, TD, between corresponding
i
7.4 Elevation Measurement:
points on each wheel path survey line, using Eq 9.
7.4.1 For each survey line of the test section, measure and
8.10.2 Transverse Change in Elevation Difference—
record in sequence:
Calculate TDC, the successive changes in TD, for each wheel
i i
7.4.1.1 The elevations of all survey points if a Type I
path survey line pair, Lx, using Eq 10.
apparatus is used; or
8.10.3 Transverse RMS Elevation Difference—Calculate
7.4.1.2 The differences in elevation between all adjacent
RMS TD , the RMS of the transverse elevation differences
Lx
survey points if a Type II apparatus is used.
TD, for each wheel path survey line pair, Lx, using Eq 11.
i
8.10.4 Longitudinal Elevation Difference—Calculate LD,
i
8. Calculation of Results
the elevation differences between front and rear axles at
corresponding points on each wheel path survey line pair, Lx,
8.1 Elevations—
...