ASTM D5500-98(2008)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5500 − 98(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition
Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5500; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 ANSI Standard:
MC96.1AmericanNationalStandardforTemperatureMea-
1.1 This test method covers a vehicle test procedure for
surement Thermocouples
evaluation of intake valve deposit formation of unleaded
spark-ignition engine fuels. This test method uses a 1985
3. Terminology
model BMW 318i vehicle. Mileage is accumulated following
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
a specified driving schedule on either public road or test track.
3.1.1 alternate mileage accumulation (AMA) driving cycle,
This test method is adapted from the original BMW of North
n—a driving schedule that is based on the U.S. Environmental
America/Southwest Research Institute Intake Valve Deposit
Protection Agency Durability Driving Schedule, which con-
test and maintains as much commonality as possible with the
tains various driving patterns for durability testing of emission
original test. Chassis dynamometers shall not be used for this
control systems.
test procedure as the BMW NA/SwRI IVD Test was not
intended to be applicable to chassis dynamometers and no
3.1.2 base fuel, n—unleaded automotive spark-ignition en-
correlation between road operation and chassis dynamometers
gine fuel that does not contain a deposit control additive, but
has been established.
may contain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal
deactivators, and oxygenates.
NOTE 1—If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Test Method
D5500, contact ASTM International.
3.1.3 deposit control additive, n—materialaddedtothebase
fuel to prevent or remove deposits in the entire engine intake
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
system.
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Forthepurposeofthistestmethod,the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
performance evaluation of a deposit control additive is limited
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
to the tulip area of intake valves.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.4 driveability, n—the quality of a vehicle’s performance
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
characteristics as perceived by the operator in response to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specificstatements
changes in throttle position.
on hazards are given throughout this test method.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The performance characteristics may
include cold starting and warm-up, acceleration, vapor lock,
2. Referenced Documents
3 and hot starting.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.5 intake system, n—components of the engine whose
D235Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
function it is to prepare and deliver an air/fuel mixture to the
(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
combustion chamber and includes the throttle, intake manifold
hot spot and runners, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and
positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) ports, cylinder head
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee runners and ports, intake valves, and fuel injectors.
D02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.
3.1.6 intake valve deposit, n—material accumulated on the
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally
ε1
tulip area of the intake valve, generally composed of carbon,
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D5500–98(2003) .
DOI: 10.1520/D5500-98R08.
other fuel, lubricant, and additive decomposition products, and
OriginallyobtainedfromBMWNAnewcardealershipsintheUnitedStatesas
atmospheric contaminants.
a 1985 model year vehicle, the vehicle is currently available through the used
vehicle market.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
the ASTM website. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 86, Appendix IV.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5500 − 98 (2008)
3.1.7 merit rating, n—the visual evaluation by a trained to develop this test method to determine an unleaded automo-
rater of the volume of deposits accumulated on a specific tive spark-ignition engine fuel’s propensity to form intake
engine component based on a comparison with a reference valve deposits. This testing concluded that if an automotive
scale (see CRC Manual 16 ). spark-ignition engine fuel could keep intake valve deposits at
or below a certain average weight per valve at the end of
3.1.8 test fuel, n—base fuel with or without the addition of
mileage accumulation, then that automotive spark-ignition
a deposit control additive which is used to accumulate mileage
engine fuel could be used in the BMW vehicle-engine combi-
as described in this test method.
nation for a specified period without intake valve deposits
3.1.9 vehicle exhaust emissions (tailpipe), n—combustion
causing driveability degradation. Minimizing intake valve
products from the test fuel including unburned hydrocarbons
deposits may be necessary to maintain vehicle driveability and
(HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO ), oxygen
tailpipe emissions control.
(O ), and oxides of nitrogen (NO ).
2 x
5.1.1 State and Federal Legislative and Regulatory
Action—LegislativeactivityandrulemakingprimarilybyCali-
4. Summary of Test Method
forniaAir Resources Board and the Environmental Protection
4.1 This test method utilizes a 1985 BMW 318i vehicle
Agency necessitate the acceptance of a standardized test
equipped with a four-speed automatic transmission and air
methodtoevaluatetheintakesystemdepositformingtendency
conditioning.Thisvehicleisequippedwithafour-strokecycle,
of an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel.
four-cylinder engine having a total displacement of 1.8 L. The
5.1.2 Relevance of Results—The operating conditions and
cylinder head is an aluminum alloy casting and the cylinder
design of the engine and vehicle used in this test method are
block is cast iron. The engine features an overhead camshaft,
not representative of all modern automobiles. These factors
hemispherical combustion chambers, two valves per cylinder,
shall be considered when interpreting test results.
and electronic port fuel injection.
5.2 Test Validity:
4.2 Each test begins with a clean, rebuilt cylinder head that
5.2.1 Procedural Compliance—The test results are not con-
meets a rigid set of specifications. New, weighed intake valves
sideredvalidunlessthetestiscompletedincompliancewithall
are used to rebuild the cylinder head. A standard engine oil is
requirements of this test method. Deviations from the param-
used for each test and a new oil filter is installed. All routine
eter limits presented in Sections 10 and 11 will result in an
vehicle maintenance is performed in accordance with BMW
invalid test. Engineering judgment shall be applied during
Schedule I and Schedule II service lists.The test vehicle’s fuel
conduct of the test method when assessing any anomalies to
system is flushed of fuel from the previous test. The vehicle
ensure validity of the test results.
fuel tank is then filled with the new test fuel. The vehicle is
5.2.2 Vehicle Compliance—A test is not considered valid
subjected to a rigorous quality control procedure to verify
unless the vehicle met the quality control inspection require-
proper engine and overall vehicle operation. To ensure com-
ments as described in Section 10.
pliance to the test objective, a data logger is active at all times
after the test has begun, during all mileage accumulation and
6. Apparatus
soak time.
6.1 Automobile—The test automobile used for this proce-
4.3 The vehicle is operated on a cycle consisting of 10%
dure is a 1985 model BMW 318i. The powerplant is a 1.8
(based on mileage) city (part of the AMA driving schedule),
L-line four-cylinder, four-stroke cycle engine with single
20%suburban,and70%highwaymodeperday.Thiscycleis
overheadcamshaft,twovalvespercylinder,andelectronicport
repeated to accumulate a minimum of 16 090 km (10 000
fuel injection. Vehicles equipped with four-speed automatic
miles) but no more than 16 250 km (10 100 miles).
transmissions and air conditioning are required for the test
method. Both 49 state and California engine calibrations are
4.4 After the required mileage (see 10.4.5) has been
allowed for this test method.
accumulated,thecylinderheadisremovedfromtheengineand
6.1.1 Engine Cooling System—Experience has shown that
disassembled.The valves are weighed, visually assigned merit
the original equipment cooling system has marginal perfor-
ratings,andphotographed.Operationalandmechanicalcriteria
mance at ambient conditions above approximately 35°C
are then reviewed to determine if the test shall be considered
(95°F).To ensure engine coolant temperature compliance with
valid.
test validity criteria in 10.4.3, the vehicle may be retrofitted
5. Significance and Use with the radiator and other appropriate components as outlined
in Annex A1.
5.1 Test Method— It was determined through field testing
6.1.2 Electronic Port Fuel Injectors — Prior to installation,
that intake valve deposits could adversely affect the driveabil-
all injectors shall be evaluated for conformance to spray-
ity of certain automobiles. Southwest Research Institute and
pattern and flow rate acceptance criteria (see 8.5). Injectors
BMWof NorthAmerica (BMWNA) jointly conducted testing
may be reused if the criteria are satisfied.
CRC Manual 16, Carburetor and Induction System Rating Manual. Available
from the Coordinating Research Council Inc., 219 Perimeter Center Parkway, State of California Air Resources Board-Stationary Source Division, Test
Atlanta, GA 30346. MethodforEvaluatingIntakeValveDeposits(IVDs)inVehicleEngines(California
Bitting, B., et al., “Intake Valve Deposits-Fuel Detergency Revisited,” SAE Code of Regulations, Title 13, Section 2257).
872117, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1987. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
D5500 − 98 (2008)
TABLE 2 Reusable Engine Parts
6.1.3 Tires—Tires shall be size P195/60R14, maintained at
190 610 kPa (28 61 psi). Air flow meter Idle control valve
Air pressure sensor Ignition coil
6.1.4 Miscellaneous Parts—All powertrain components,
A
Alternator Ignition wire set
front end accessory drive, air intake system, and exhaust
Camshaft Intake manifold
system, except as specified, shall be original equipment, Camshaft drive Intake, rocker shaft
B
Cylinder block assembly Lambda probe
original equipment manufacturer replacement parts, or equiva-
Cylinder head O sensor
lent.
Distributor Pump, water
Distributor cap Radiator
6.1.5 New Engine Parts Required—Table 1 contains those
Electronic engine control computer unit Radiator cooling fan
new parts with the corresponding BMWNApart number to be
Engine wiring harness Rocker arm
used for preparing the vehicle to run this test method.
Exhaust rocker shaft Rotor
6.1.5.1 Other parts may be necessary and are listed in Exhaust system Sensor, temperature fan
A
Filter, air Sensor, vacuum advance
Annex A2.
Fuel injectors Throttle body
C
6.1.6 Disable Cruise Control—Disconnect cruise control
Front end accessory drive Valve springs
Idle control relay
cable from the throttle.The cruise control shall not be used for
A
this test method.
These parts shall be changed in accordance with BMW NA Service Schedule I
(Annex A4), or more frequently.
6.1.7 Reusable Engine Parts—The parts listed in Table 2
B
The cylinder block can be reused for approximately ten tests (160 000 km)
may be reused. The replacement frequency is noted in the
(100 000 miles), depending on condition of cylinder head bolt holes (radial cracks
footnotes. All parts shall be discarded when they become appear on the block deck) and cylinder bore wear. (Refer to the BMW 318i Service
Manual which is available from BMW NA dealer service departments.)
unserviceable. See Annex A3 for guidelines regarding the
C
Valve springs may be reused as long as they meet the procedural requirements
reuse of parts.
for tension in 8.4.12.
6.2 Laboratory Facilities:
6.2.1 Engine/Cylinder Head Build-up and Measurement
Area—The ambient atmosphere of the engine build-up and
at a uniform comfortable level. Because of the delicate nature
measurementareashallbereasonablyfreeofcontaminantsand
of the deposits, do not subject the deposits to extreme changes
maintainedatauniformtemperature 63°C(65°F)between10
in temperature or humidity. (Warning—See 6.2.3.)
to 27°C (50 to 80°F). Uniform temperature is necessary to
6.2.5 Garage/Maintenance Area—The ambient atmosphere
ensure repeatable dimensional measurements and deposit
of the garage/maintenance area shall be reasonably free of
evaluation. The specific humidity shall be maintained at a
contaminants. The temperature and humidity shall be main-
uniform comfortable level.
tained at a uniform, comfortable level. Because of the delicate
6.2.2 Part Rating and Intake Valve Weighing Area—The
nature of the deposits, do not subject the deposits to extreme
ambient atmosphere of the rating and weighing area shall be
changes in temperature or humidity. (Warning—Adequate
reasonably free of contaminants. The induction system ratings
ventilation and fire protection are necessary in areas where
shall be performed in accordance to CRC Manual 16, Carbu-
automotive spark-ignition engine fuel and deposit control
retor and Induction System Rating Manual.
additivesarehandled,andalsowhenconcerningtheventingof
6.2.3 Fuel Injector Testing Area—The ambient atmosphere
the vehicle exhaust and working on vehicle fuel systems.
of the fuel injector testing area shall be reasonably free of
Suitable protective clothing is recommended.)
contaminants. The temperature and humidity shall be main-
6.2.6 Test Fuel Blending Facilities— Instead of supplying a
tained at a uniform level to ensure repeatable measurements.
finished test fuel, the test sponsor may supply concentr
...