ASTM D5500-98(2003)e1

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
e1
Designation: D 5500 – 98 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Test Method for
Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition
Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5500; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Warning notes were editorially moved into the standard text in November 2003.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers a vehicle test procedure for 2.1 ASTM Standards:
evaluation of intake valve deposit formation of unleaded D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
spark-ignition engine fuels. This test method uses a 1985 (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvents)
model BMW 318i vehicle. Mileage is accumulated following 2.2 ANSI Standard:
a specified driving schedule on either public road or test track. MC 96.1 American National Standard for Temperature
This test method is adapted from the original BMW of North Measurement Thermocouples
America/Southwest Research Institute Intake Valve Deposit
3. Terminology
test and maintains as much commonality as possible with the
original test. Chassis dynamometers shall not be used for this 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 alternate mileage accumulation (AMA) driving cycle,
test procedure as the BMW NA/SwRI IVD Test was not
intended to be applicable to chassis dynamometers and no n—a driving schedule that is based on the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Durability Driving Schedule, which con-
correlation between road operation and chassis dynamometers
has been established. tains various driving patterns for durability testing of emission
control systems.
NOTE 1—If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Test Method
3.1.2 base fuel, n—unleaded automotive spark-ignition en-
D5500, contact ASTM International.
gine fuel that does not contain a deposit control additive, but
1.2 The values stated in SI or inch-pound units shall be
may contain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactiva-
regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
tors, and oxygenates.
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
3.1.3 depositcontroladditive,n—materialaddedtothebase
must be used independently of the other, without combining
fuel to prevent or remove deposits in the entire engine intake
values in any way.
system.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Forthepurposeofthistestmethod,the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
performance evaluation of a deposit control additive is limited
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to the tulip area of intake valves.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.4 driveability, n—thequalityofavehicle’sperformance
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specificstatements
characteristics as perceived by the operator in response to
on hazards are given throughout this test method.
changes in throttle position.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The performance characteristics may
include cold starting and warm-up, acceleration, vapor lock,
and hot starting.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
D02.A0 on Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2003. Published November 2003. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D5500–98. the ASTM website.
2 4
OriginallyobtainedfromBMWNAnewcardealershipsintheUnitedStatesas Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
a 1985 model year vehicle, the vehicle is currently available through the used 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
vehicle market. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 86, Appendix IV.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
e1
D 5500 – 98 (2003)
3.1.5 intake system, n—components of the engine whose 5. Significance and Use
function it is to prepare and deliver an air/fuel mixture to the
5.1 Test Method—It was determined through field testing
combustion chamber and includes the throttle, intake manifold
that intake valve deposits could adversely affect the driveabil-
hot spot and runners, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and
ity of certain automobiles. Southwest Research Institute and
positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) ports, cylinder head
BMWof NorthAmerica (BMWNA) jointly conducted testing
runners and ports, intake valves, and fuel injectors.
to develop this test method to determine an unleaded automo-
3.1.6 intake valve deposit, n—material accumulated on the
tive spark-ignition engine fuel’s propensity to form intake
tulip area of the intake valve, generally composed of carbon,
valve deposits. This testing concluded that if an automotive
other fuel, lubricant, and additive decomposition products, and
spark-ignition engine fuel could keep intake valve deposits at
atmospheric contaminants.
or below a certain average weight per valve at the end of
3.1.7 merit rating, n—the visual evaluation by a trained
mileage accumulation, then that automotive spark-ignition
rater of the volume of deposits accumulated on a specific
engine fuel could be used in the BMW vehicle-engine combi-
engine component based on a comparison with a reference
nation for a specified period without intake valve deposits
scale (see CRC Manual 16).
causing driveability degradation. Minimizing intake valve
3.1.8 test fuel, n—base fuel with or without the addition of
deposits may be necessary to maintain vehicle driveability and
a deposit control additive which is used to accumulate mileage
tailpipe emissions control.
as described in this test method.
5.1.1 State and Federal Legislative and Regulatory
3.1.9 vehicle exhaust emissions (tailpipe), n—combustion
Action—LegislativeactivityandrulemakingprimarilybyCali-
products from the test fuel including unburned hydrocarbons
forniaAir Resources Board and the Environmental Protection
(HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO ), oxygen 9
2 Agency necessitate the acceptance of a standardized test
(O ), and oxides of nitrogen (NO ).
2 x
methodtoevaluatetheintakesystemdepositformingtendency
of an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel.
4. Summary of Test Method
5.1.2 Relevance of Results—The operating conditions and
4.1 This test method utilizes a 1985 BMW 318i vehicle
design of the engine and vehicle used in this test method are
equipped with a four-speed automatic transmission and air
not representative of all modern automobiles. These factors
conditioning.Thisvehicleisequippedwithafour-strokecycle,
shall be considered when interpreting test results.
four-cylinder engine having a total displacement of 1.8 L. The
5.2 Test Validity:
cylinder head is an aluminum alloy casting and the cylinder
5.2.1 Procedural Compliance—The test results are not con-
block is cast iron. The engine features an overhead camshaft,
sideredvalidunlessthetestiscompletedincompliancewithall
hemispherical combustion chambers, two valves per cylinder,
requirements of this test method. Deviations from the param-
and electronic port fuel injection.
eter limits presented in Sections 10 and 11 will result in an
4.2 Each test begins with a clean, rebuilt cylinder head that
invalid test. Engineering judgment shall be applied during
meets a rigid set of specifications. New, weighed intake valves
conduct of the test method when assessing any anomalies to
are used to rebuild the cylinder head. A standard engine oil is
ensure validity of the test results.
used for each test and a new oil filter is installed. All routine
5.2.2 Vehicle Compliance—A test is not considered valid
vehicle maintenance is performed in accordance with BMW
unless the vehicle met the quality control inspection require-
Schedule I and Schedule II service lists.The test vehicle’s fuel
ments as described in Section 10.
system is flushed of fuel from the previous test. The vehicle
fuel tank is then filled with the new test fuel. The vehicle is
6. Apparatus
subjected to a rigorous quality control procedure to verify
6.1 Automobile—The test automobile used for this proce-
proper engine and overall vehicle operation. To ensure com-
dure is a 1985 model BMW 318i. The powerplant is a 1.8
pliance to the test objective, a data logger is active at all times
L-line four-cylinder, four-stroke cycle engine with single
after the test has begun, during all mileage accumulation and
overheadcamshaft,twovalvespercylinder,andelectronicport
soak time.
fuel injection. Vehicles equipped with four-speed automatic
4.3 The vehicle is operated on a cycle consisting of 10%
transmissions and air conditioning are required for the test
(based on mileage) city (part of the AMA driving schedule),
method. Both 49 state and California engine calibrations are
20%suburban,and70%highwaymodeperday.Thiscycleis
allowed for this test method.
repeated to accumulate a minimum of 16 090 km (10 000
6.1.1 Engine Cooling System—Experience has shown that
miles) but no more than 16 250 km (10 100 miles).
the original equipment cooling system has marginal perfor-
4.4 After the required mileage (see 10.4.5) has been accu-
mance at ambient conditions above approximately 35°C
mulated, the cylinder head is removed from the engine and
(95°F).To ensure engine coolant temperature compliance with
disassembled.The valves are weighed, visually assigned merit
ratings,andphotographed.Operationalandmechanicalcriteria
are then reviewed to determine if the test shall be considered
valid.
Bitting, B., et al., “Intake Valve Deposits-Fuel Detergency Revisited,” SAE
872117, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1987.
State of California Air Resources Board-Stationary Source Division, Test
CRC Manual 16, Carburetor and Induction System Rating Manual. Available MethodforEvaluatingIntakeValveDeposits(IVDs)inVehicleEngines(California
from the Coordinating Research Council Inc., 219 Perimeter Center Parkway, Code of Regulations, Title 13, Section 2257).
Atlanta, GA 30346. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
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D 5500 – 98 (2003)
TABLE 2 Reusable Engine Parts
test validity criteria in 10.4.3, the vehicle may be retrofitted
with the radiator and other appropriate components as outlined Air flow meter Idle control valve
Air pressure sensor Ignition coil
in Annex A1.
A
Alternator Ignition wire set
6.1.2 Electronic Port Fuel Injectors— Prior to installation,
Camshaft Intake manifold
all injectors shall be evaluated for conformance to spray- Camshaft drive Intake, rocker shaft
B
Cylinder block assembly Lambda probe
pattern and flow rate acceptance criteria (see 8.5). Injectors
Cylinder head O sensor
may be reused if the criteria are satisfied.
Distributor Pump, water
Distributor cap Radiator
6.1.3 Tires—Tires shall be size P195/60R14, maintained at
Electronic engine control computer unit Radiator cooling fan
190 610 kPa (28 61 psi).
Engine wiring harness Rocker arm
6.1.4 Miscellaneous Parts—All powertrain components,
Exhaust rocker shaft Rotor
front end accessory drive, air intake system, and exhaust Exhaust system Sensor, temperature fan
A
Filter, air Sensor, vacuum advance
system, except as specified, shall be original equipment,
Fuel injectors Throttle body
C
original equipment manufacturer replacement parts, or equiva-
Front end accessory drive Valve springs
Idle control relay
lent.
A
6.1.5 New Engine Parts Required—Table 1 contains those
These parts shall be changed in accordance with BMW NAService Schedule
I (Annex A4), or more frequently.
new parts with the corresponding BMWNApart number to be
B
The cylinder block can be reused for approximately ten tests (160 000 km)
used for preparing the vehicle to run this test method.
(100 000 miles), depending on condition of cylinder head bolt holes (radial cracks
6.1.5.1 OtherpartsmaybenecessaryandarelistedinAnnex appear on the block deck) and cylinder bore wear. (Refer to the BMW 318i Service
Manual which is available from BMW NA dealer service departments.)
A2.
C
Valve springs may be reused as long as they meet the procedural require-
6.1.6 Disable Cruise Control—Disconnect cruise control
ments for tension in 8.4.12.
cable from the throttle.The cruise control shall not be used for
this test method.
volatile liquids and solvents, or both, are used. Suitable
6.1.7 Reusable Engine Parts—The parts listed in Table 2
protective clothing is recommended.)
may be reused. The replacement frequency is noted in the
6.2.4 Intake Valve Rinsing and Parts Cleaning Area—The
footnotes. All parts shall be discarded when they become
ambient atmosphere of the intake valve rinsing and parts
unserviceable.SeeAnnexA3forguidelinesregardingthereuse
cleaning area shall be reasonably free of contaminants. The
of parts.
temperature shall be maintained at 63°C (65°F) between 10
6.2 Laboratory Facilities:
to27°C(50to80°F).Thespecifichumidityshallbemaintained
6.2.1 Engine/Cylinder Head Build-up and Measurement
at a uniform comfortable level. Because of the delicate nature
Area—The ambient atmosphere of the engine build-up and
of the deposits, do not subject the deposits to extreme changes
measurementareashallbereasonablyfreeofcontaminantsand
in temperature or humidity. (Warning—See 6.2.3.)
maintainedatauniformtemperature 63°C(65°F)between10
6.2.5 Garage/Maintenance Area—The ambient atmosphere
to 27°C (50 to 80°F). Uniform temperature is necessary to
of the garage/maintenance area shall be reasonably free of
ensure repeatable dimensional measurements and deposit
contaminants. The temperature and humidity shall be main-
evaluation. The specific humidity shall be maintained at a
tained at a uniform, comfortable level. Because of the delicate
uniform comfortable level.
nature of the deposits, do not subject the deposits to extreme
6.2.2 Part Rating and Intake Valve Weighing Area—The
changes in temperature or humidity. (Warning—Adequate
ambient atmosphere of the rating and weighing area shall be
ventilation and fire protection are necessary in areas where
reasonably free of contaminants. The induction system ratings
automotive spark-ignition engine fuel and deposit control
shall be performed in accordance to CRC
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