ASTM E1497-00

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An American National Standard
Designation:E1497–00
Standard Practice for
Safe Use of Water-Miscible Metal Removal Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1497; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Analysis of Endotoxin in Metal Removal FluidAerosols in
Workplace Atmospheres
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for the safe use of
2.2 OSHA Standards (Occupational Safety and Health
metal removal fluids, additives, and antimicrobials. This in-
Administration):
cludesproductselection,storage,dispensing,andmaintenance.
29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication
1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typically used
29 CFR 1910.133 Eye and Face Protection
at high dilution and dilution rates vary widely. Additionally,
29 CFR 1910.134 Respiratory Protection
there is potential for exposure to undiluted metal removal fluid
29 CFR 1910.1048 Formaldehyde
as manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additives and
29 CFR 1910 Appendix B to Subpart 1. Non-mandatory
antimicrobials.
Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Per-
1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-
sonal Protective Equipment Selection
refined or hydro-treated petroleum oil, a synthetic oil, or other
oilsofanimalorvegetableorigin.Straightoilsarenotintended
3. Terminology
to be diluted with water prior to use. Additives are often
3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this practice, refer
included in straight oil formulations.
to Terminology E 1542.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.1 contaminent, n—substances contained in in-use metal
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
removal fluids that are not part of the as-received fluid, such as
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
abrasive particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
shavings, dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi,
2. Referenced Documents micro biological decay products, and waste.
3.2.2 control, v—to prevent, eliminate or reduce hazards
2.1 ASTM Standards:
related to use of metal removal fluids in metal removal
D 3946 TestMethodforEvaluatingtheBacterialResistance
2 processes and to provide appropriate supplemental and/or
of Water-Dilutable Metalworking Fluids
interim protection, as necessary, to employees.
E 686 Test Method for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Agents
3 3.2.3 dermatitis, n—an inflammatory response of the skin
in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids
3.2.3.1 Discussion—Dermatitis can result from a wide va-
E 1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-
4 riety of sources and processes. The most common origins are
Miscible Metalworking Fluids
irritant or allergic responses to a chemical or physical agent.
E 1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and
4 Signs and symptoms that typify the initial onset of dermatitis
Safety
include: erythema (redness); edema (swelling; pruritis (itch-
E 1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the
4 ing); and, vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In more severe
Wet Metal Removal Environment
cases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) may
PS 42 Provisional Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid
5 develop. The condition is usually reversible when exposure to
Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres
the causative agent ceases. More severe cases may require
PS 94 Provisional Practice for Personal Sampling and
more time and some medical attention. Some individuals may
be at higher risk.
3.2.4 emergency, n—anyoccurrence,suchasbutnotlimited
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-34 on
to equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control
Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
equipment that results in an uncontrolled release of a signifi-
E34.50 on Health and Safety Standards for Metalworking Fluids.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2000. Published April 2000. Originally cant amount of metal removal fluid.
published as E 1497 – 92. Last previous edition E 1497 – 94.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.05.
4 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03. CodeofFederalRegulationsavailablefromUnitedStatesGovernmentPrinting
Discontinued, see 1998 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1497–00
3.2.5 employee exposure, n—the exposure to metal removal 5.3 Inhalation may cause respiratory irritation.
fluidsandcontaminantswhichwouldoccurwithoutcorrections 5.3.1 Minimize exposure to mists and vapors. Threshold
for protection provided by any respirator or other personal limit values (American Conference of Governmental Industrial
protective equipment that is in use. Hygienists) or permissible exposure levels (OSHA) of compo-
3.2.6 endotoxins, n—a lipopolysaccharide derived from the nent ingredients shall not be exceeded. Engineering controls,
outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. such as machine enclosures and exhaust ventilation are pre-
3.2.7 folliculitis, n—an inflammatory reaction in hair fol- ferred.
licles 5.3.2 Method PS 42 may be used for the determination of
3.2.8 metal removal fluids, n—the subset of metalworking both particulate total matter and extractable mass metal re-
fluids that are used for wet machining or grinding to produce moval fluid aerosol concentrations in a range of 0.05 to 5
the finished part. mg/m in workplace atmospheres.
3.2.8.1 Discussion—Metal removal fluids addressed by this 5.3.3 See Practice E 1972 for guidelines for minimizing
practice include straight or neat oils, not intended for further effects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.
dilution with water, and water-miscible soluble oils, semisyn- 5.3.4 For additional information, see Criteria for a Recom-
thetics, and synthetics, which are intended to be diluted with mended standard Occupational Exposure to Metal Working
water before use. Metal removal fluids become contaminated Fluids.
during use in the workplace with a variety of workplace 5.4 Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal disturbances.
substances including, but not limited to, abrasive particles, 5.5 Prolongedorrepeateddermalcontactmaycausedryand
tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolved cracked skin, rash, redness, burning, or itching. Skin abrasions
metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi, microbiological can intensify the effects. Some metal removal fluids and
decay products, and waste. These contaminants can cause additives may also cause a sensitizing reaction.
changes in the lubricity and cooling ability of the metal
6. Fluid Product Selection
removal fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affect
6.1 Proper product selection is fundamentally critical to
the health and welfare of employees in contact with the
reducingoreliminatingoccupationaldermatitisassociatedwith
contaminated metal removal fluid.
exposure to metal removal fluids. The metal removal fluids
3.2.9 metal removal process, n—a manufacturing process
should perform as intended while providing the safest working
that removes metal during shaping of a part, including machin-
conditions. The selection of a metal removal fluid for each
ing processes, such as milling, drilling, turning, broaching, and
different operation must fit the inherent limitations of the
tapping, and grinding processes, as well as honing and lapping,
product. Water-miscible fluids not properly selected are likely
and other similar mechanical operations in which metal is
to be used at higher concentrations than other products more
removed to produce a finished part.
appropriate to the operation.
3.2.10 tramp oil, n—oil and oil-soluble additives, some-
6.1.1 Consult “Management of the Metal Removal Environ-
times insoluble, resulting from leaking hydraulic, spindle, slide
8 9
ment” and “Metalworking Fluids Evaluation Guide” for
way, or gear oil into the metal removal fluid. Tramp oils may
further information on selecting the proper fluid for the
contaminate the metal removal fluid with components that are
application. In addition, your fluid supplier should be able to
emulsifiable but which were not part of the metal removal fluid
provide information on the proper selection of the appropriate
as formulated.
fluid and recommended concentration for use.
3.2.11 wet metal removal fluid environment, n—the work-
6.2 Potential health hazards can be minimized by careful
place environment in which wet metal removal operations
fluid selection and substitution. See Guide E 1302.
occur.
6.3 The metal removal fluid manufacturer’s material safety
4. Significance and Use
data sheet (MSDS) and toxicological data on metal removal
fluids, ingredients, and additives shall be reviewed in order to
4.1 Use of this practice will improve management and
evaluate potential hazards and establish appropriate control
control of metal removal fluids. The proper management and
procedures.
use will reduce dermal and other occupational hazards associ-
6.4 Additives, including rust inhibitors, product stabilizers,
ated with these fluids.
antimicrobials of all types, odorants, and dyes shall be re-
5. Routes of Metal Removal Fluid Exposure and Effects
viewed for their impact on the metal removal fluid mixture to
of Overexposure
which they are added. Additives shall only be used with the
agreement of the metalworking fluid manufacturer.
5.1 Routes of exposure to metal removal fluids include eye
contact, inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. Exposure 6.5 As supplied, antimicrobials and other additives for
tankside addition may present greater health and safety risks
may be through contact with the fluid or by contact with
airborne fluid mists, vapor or fluid residue on machinery and
on parts. 7
Available from U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health
5.2 Eye contact may cause mild to severe irritation.
Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-
pational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Pkwy., Cincinnati, OH 45226.
5.2.1 Prevent eye contact. Wear eye protection appropriate
Available from Organization Resources Counselors, Inc., 1910 Sunderland
for the level of splashing or spraying encountered, such as
Place, NW, Washington, DC 20036.
safety glasses with side shields or goggles. See 29 CFR
Available from National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, 3025 Boardwalk,
1910.133. Ann Arbor, MI 48108.
E1497–00
than the metal removal fluid. Further, additives and antimicro- materials, including acids and oxidizers. They shall also be
bials are less likely to be handled automatically, or with special protected from sources of flame, heat, or ignition and protected
delivery equipment, than metal removal fluid concentrate so from freezing.
greater care and attention are required to reduce risks of
9. Metal Removal Fluid Sump and System Design
exposure.
9.1 Where possible use the following design practices for
6.6 All applicable disposal criteria must be met.
the metal removal fluid sump and system to maintain the
chemical integrity of the fluid and to reduce or eliminate
7. Water Quality and Treatment
contamination.
7.1 Water constitutes more than 90 % of the diluted water
9.2 Minimize hydraulic fluid contamination by maintaining
miscible metal removal fluid mixture. Water shall be evaluated
hydraulic systems and repairing leaks, or by using mechanical
for hardness, alkalinity, high conductivity, turbidity, corrosiv-
clamping, or by locating hydraulic systems external to the
ity, biological contaminants, and other factors that may lead to
metalworking fluid mainstream.
increased use of metal removal fluid concentrate, additives, or
9.3 Separate lubricating oils from metal removal fluids
antimicrobials, or a combination thereof. Good water quality is
where possible.The metal removal fluid should not be diverted
fundamental to proper metal removal fluid use, will help
onto the machine ways, unless it is specifically designed to
minimize use of additives and antimicrobials, and lengthen
replace way lubricants.
fluid life. Consult your metal removal fluid supplier.
9.4 Design flumes to remove chips and other debris to the
7.2 Where suitable water is not available, water treatment
metal removal fluid central system as efficiently as possible,
shall be designed to produce enough water of sufficient quality
while minimizing splashing and misting.
for metal removal fluid use. Treated water shall be readily
9.5 Machine bases chip shed plates and sloped floors, or
available from holding tanks large enough to meet anticipated
both should allow continuous, direct draining to the metal
daily requirements. Treated water quality must be monitored
removal fluid central system. Use design features that mini-
including biological contaminants. Tests performed depend on
mize areas of chip accumulation and stagnation or facilitate
the type of water treatment used. Guidance on water quality
regular removal.
and water treatment may be obtained from the metal removal
9.6 Use oil skimmers to remove non-emulsified, floating
fluid manufacturer.
tramp oil.
9.7 Use centrifuges and coalescers to remove dispersed and
8. Receipt and Handling of Fluid and Additives
partially emulsified tramp oil.
9.8 Use chip conveyors and modified chip conveyors with
8.1 Before the fluid is handled, the user shall have an
filtration devices to remove particulates from the metal re-
accurate and current material safety data sheet as required by
moval fluid.
the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard. See 29 CFR
9.9 Review metal removal fluid circulation systems, and
1910.1200.
minimizeoreliminateasappropriate,stagnantareasinpipesor
8.2 Precautions shall be taken to ensure the fluid is, without
other areas with infrequent fluid circulation.
modification, the fluid represented in the material safety data
sheet.
10. Antimicrobials and Control of Microorganisms in
8.3 Users should be informed of modifications in fluid
Metal Removal Fluids
formulation so that they may assess potential effects on health
10.1 Microorganisms can grow in all metal removal fluids,
and safety. Seemingly insignificant changes in fluid composi-
producing odors and reducing product performance. Antimi-
tion may result in adverse interaction with oth
...