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ASTM E228-22

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer

Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Coefficients of linear thermal expansion are required for design purposes and are used, for example, to determine dimensional behavior of structures subject to temperature changes, or thermal stresses that can occur and cause failure of a solid artifact composed of different materials when it is subjected to a temperature excursion.  
5.2 This test method is a reliable method of determining the linear thermal expansion of solid materials.  
5.3 For accurate determinations of thermal expansion, it is absolutely necessary that the dilatometer be calibrated by using a reference material that has a known and reproducible thermal expansion. The appendix contains information relating to reference materials in current general use.  
5.4 The measurement of thermal expansion involves two parameters: change of length and change of temperature, both of them equally important. Neglecting proper and accurate temperature measurement will inevitably result in increased uncertainties in the final data.  
5.5 The test method can be used for research, development, specification acceptance, quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear thermal expansion of rigid solid materials using push-rod dilatometers. This method is applicable over any practical temperature range where a device can be constructed to satisfy the performance requirements set forth in this standard.
Note 1: Initially, this method was developed for vitreous silica dilatometers operating over a temperature range of –180 °C to 900 °C. The concepts and principles have been amply documented in the literature to be equally applicable for operating at higher temperatures. The precision and bias of these systems is believed to be of the same order as that for silica systems up to 900 °C. However, their precision and bias have not yet been established over the relevant total range of temperature due to the lack of well-characterized reference materials and the need for interlaboratory comparisons.  
1.2 For this purpose, a rigid solid is defined as a material that, at test temperature and under the stresses imposed by instrumentation, has a negligible creep or elastic strain rate, or both, thus insignificantly affecting the precision of thermal-length change measurements. This includes, as examples, metals, ceramics, refractories, glasses, rocks and minerals, graphites, plastics, cements, cured mortars, woods, and a variety of composites.  
1.3 The precision of this comparative test method is higher than that of other push-rod dilatometry techniques (for example, Test Method D696) and thermomechanical analysis (for example, Test Method E831) but is significantly lower than that of absolute methods such as interferometry (for example, Test Method E289). It is generally applicable to materials having absolute linear expansion coefficients exceeding 0.5 μm/(m·°C) for a 1000 °C range, and under special circumstances can be used for lower expansion materials when special precautions are used to ensure that the produced expansion of the specimen falls within the capabilities of the measuring system. In such cases, a sufficiently long specimen was found to meet the specification.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Or...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Nov-2022
ICS
77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
Technical Committee
E37 - Thermal Measurements
Drafting Committee
E37.05 - Thermophysical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E228 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-
1
Rod Dilatometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E228; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
asstandard.Nootherunitsofmeasurementareincludedinthis
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear
standard.
thermal expansion of rigid solid materials using push-rod
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
dilatometers. This method is applicable over any practical
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
temperature range where a device can be constructed to satisfy
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the performance requirements set forth in this standard.
NOTE 1—Initially, this method was developed for vitreous silica priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
dilatometers operating over a temperature range of –180°C to 900°C.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Theconceptsandprincipleshavebeenamplydocumentedintheliterature
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
to be equally applicable for operating at higher temperatures. The
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
precision and bias of these systems is believed to be of the same order as
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
that for silica systems up to 900°C. However, their precision and bias
have not yet been established over the relevant total range of temperature Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
due to the lack of well-characterized reference materials and the need for
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
interlaboratory comparisons.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 For this purpose, a rigid solid is defined as a material
2. Referenced Documents
that, at test temperature and under the stresses imposed by
2
instrumentation, has a negligible creep or elastic strain rate, or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
both, thus insignificantly affecting the precision of thermal- D696TestMethodforCoefficientofLinearThermalExpan-
length change measurements. This includes, as examples,
sion of Plastics Between −30°C and 30°C with a Vitreous
metals, ceramics, refractories, glasses, rocks and minerals,
Silica Dilatometer
graphites, plastics, cements, cured mortars, woods, and a
E220Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
variety of composites.
Comparison Techniques
E230/E230MSpecification for Temperature-Electromotive
1.3 The precision of this comparative test method is higher
Force (emf) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
than that of other push-rod dilatometry techniques (for
E289Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid
example, Test Method D696) and thermomechanical analysis
Solids with Interferometry
(forexample,TestMethodE831)butissignificantlylowerthan
E473Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-
that of absolute methods such as interferometry (for example,
ology
Test Method E289). It is generally applicable to materials
E644Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Ther-
having absolute linear expansion coefficients exceeding 0.5
mometers
µm/(m·°C) for a 1000°C range, and under special circum-
E831Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
stancescanbeusedforlowerexpansionmaterialswhenspecial
Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis
precautions are used to ensure that the produced expansion of
E1142Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
the specimen falls within the capabilities of the measuring
system. In such cases, a sufficiently long specimen was found
3. Terminology
to meet the specification.
3.1 Definitions—The following terms are applicable to this
test method and are listed in Terminologies E473 and E1142:
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE37onThermal
Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.05 on Thermo-
2
physical Properties. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2022. Published January 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E228 − 17 E228 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-
1
Rod Dilatometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E228; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear thermal expansion of rigid solid materials using push-rod dilatometers.
This method is applicable over any practical temperature range where a device can be constructed to satisfy the performance
requirements set forth in this standard.
NOTE 1—Initially, this method was developed for vitreous silica dilatometers operating over a temperature range of –180°C–180 °C to 900°C.900 °C. The
concepts and principles have been amply documented in the literature to be equally applicable for operating at higher temperatures. The precision and
bias of these systems is believed to be of the same order as that for silica systems up to 900°C.900 °C. However, their precision and bias have not yet
been established over the relevant total range of temperature due to the lack of well-characterized reference materials and the need for interlaboratory
comparisons.
1.2 For this purpose, a rigid solid is defined as a material that, at test temperature and under the stresses imposed by
instrumentation, has a negligible creep or elastic strain rate, or both, thus insignificantly affecting the precision of thermal-length
change measurements. This includes, as examples, metals, ceramics, refractories, glasses, rocks and minerals, graphites, plastics,
cements, cured mortars, woods, and a variety of composites.
1.3 The precision of this comparative test method is higher than that of other push-rod dilatometry techniques (for example, Test
Method D696) and thermomechanical analysis (for example, Test Method E831) but is significantly lower than that of absolute
methods such as interferometry (for example, Test Method E289). It is generally applicable to materials having absolute linear
expansion coefficients exceeding 0.5 μm/(m·°C) for a 1000°C1000 °C range, and under special circumstances can be used for lower
expansion materials when special precautions are used to ensure that the produced expansion of the specimen falls within the
capabilities of the measuring system. In such cases, a sufficiently long specimen was found to meet the specification.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 on Thermal Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.05 on
Thermophysical Properties.
Current edition approved April 1, 2017Dec. 1, 2022. Published April 2017January 2023. Originally approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 20162017 as
E228 – 11 (2016).E228 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/E0228-17.10.1520/E0228-22.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E228 − 22
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D696 Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between −30°C and 30°C with a Vitreous Silica
Dilatometer
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
E230/E230M Specification for Temperature-Electromotive Force (emf) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
E289 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid Solids with Interferometry
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheolo
...

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2.1 Significance—Retained austenite with a near random crystallographic orientation is found in the microstructure of heat-treated low-alloy, high-strength steels that have medium (0.40 weight %) or higher carbon contents. Although the presence of retained austenite may not be evident in the microstructure, and may not affect the bulk mechanical properties such as hardness of the steel, the transformation of retained austenite to martensite during service can affect the performance of the steel.  
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1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E96/E96M-22ae1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of these tests is to obtain, by means of simple apparatus, reliable values for water vapor transfer rate through materials, expressed in suitable units.  
5.2 A WVTR value obtained in one method under one set of test conditions is not necessarily indicative of the value that would be obtained using the other method or under a different set of conditions. See Appendix X3 for discussion of determining dependency of WVTR on different relative humidity (at a given temperature).  
5.3 Commonly used test conditions are listed in Appendix X1, but given the caution in 5.2, the selection of test conditions other than those listed, and which closely approach exposure conditions of material in actual use, is allowed. Where tests are conducted for classification or compliance purposes, environmental conditions are typically defined in product standard specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of materials, such as, but not limited to, paper, plastic films, other sheet materials, coatings, foams, fiberboards, gypsum and plaster products, wood products, and plastics. Two basic methods, the Desiccant Method and the Water Method, are provided for the measurement of WVTR. In these tests, the desired temperature and side-to-side humidity conditions, with resultant vapor drive through the specimen, are used. The test conditions employed are at the discretion of the user, but in all cases, are reported with the results.  
1.2 The values stated in either Inch-Pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Derived results are converted from one system to the other using appropriate conversion factors (see Table 1).  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM G142-98(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Susceptibility of Metals to Embrittlement in Hydrogen Containing Environments at High Pressure, High Temperature, or Both

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a reliable prediction of the resistance or susceptibility, or both, to loss of material strength and ductility as a result of exposure to hydrogen-containing gaseous environments. This test method is applicable over a broad range of pressures, temperatures, and gaseous environments. The results from this test method can be used to evaluate the effects of material composition, processing, and heat treatment as well as the effects of changes in environment composition, temperature, and pressure. These results may or may not correlate with service experience for particular applications. Furthermore, this test method may not be suitable for the evaluation of high temperature hydrogen attack in steels unless suitable exposure time at the test conditions has taken place prior to the initiation of tensile testing to allow for the development of internal blistering, decarburization or cracking, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of tensile properties of metals in high pressure or high temperature, or both, gaseous hydrogen-containing environments. It includes accommodations for the testing of either smooth or notched specimens.  
1.2 This test method applies to all materials and product forms including, but not restricted to, wrought and cast materials.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E7-22(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Metallography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Standards of Committee E04 consist of test methods, practices, and guides developed to ensure proper and uniform testing in the field of metallography. In order for one to properly use and interpret these standards, the terminology used in these standards must be understood.  
3.2 The terms used in the field of metallography have precise definitions. The terminology and its proper usage must be completely understood in order to adequately communicate in this field. In this respect, this standard is also a general source of terminology relating to the field of metallography facilitating the transfer of information within the field.

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ASTM
ASTM G97-18(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Laboratory Evaluation of Magnesium Sacrificial Anode Test Specimens for Underground Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test is a guide for evaluating magnesium anodes. The degree of correlation between this test and service performance has not been fully determined.  
5.2 Test specimens from the same casting may not be identical because of inhomogeneities in the casting. A method of ensuring that identical test specimens are being evaluated is to retest a test specimen. The surface of the test specimen should be smoothed by machining before retesting. The new diameter should be measured and the test current adjusted so that the retest current density is 0.039 mA/cm2 (0.25 mA/in.2).  
5.3 The values of potential and Ah per unit mass consumed as measured by this test method, may not agree with those found in field applications. It is unlikely that field results of Ah per unit mass consumed would ever be greater than those measured in this test. However, actual test comparisons are not sufficient to allow precise correlation of laboratory and field results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure that measures the two fundamental performance properties of magnesium sacrificial anode test specimens operating in a saturated calcium sulfate, saturated magnesium hydroxide environment. The two fundamental properties are electrode (oxidation) potential and ampere hours (Ah) obtained per unit mass of specimen consumed. Magnesium anodes installed underground are usually surrounded by a backfill material that typically consists of 75 % gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), 20 % bentonite clay, and 5 % sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). The calcium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide test electrolyte simulates the long term environment around an anode installed in the gypsum-bentonite-sodium sulfate backfill.  
1.2 This test method is intended to be used for quality assurance by anode manufacturers or anode users. However, long term field performance properties may not be identical to property measurements obtained using this laboratory test.
Note 1: Refer to Terminology G193 for terms used in this test method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautions, See Section 8 and Paragraph 9.1.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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