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ASTM C611-98

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles at Room Temperature

Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles at Room Temperature

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical resistivity of manufactured carbon and graphite articles at room temperature.  
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-1998
ICS
71.100.99 - Other products of the chemical industry
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.F0 - Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C611-98(2005)e1 - Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles at Room Temperature
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM C783-85(2020) - Standard Practice for Core Sampling of Graphite Electrodes
Effective Date
10-Mar-1998
Referred By
ASTM D6354-23 - Standard Guide for Sampling Plan and Core Sampling of Carbon Cathode Blocks Used in Aluminum Production
Effective Date
10-Mar-1998
Referred By
ASTM D6120-97(2017)e1 - Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Anode and Cathode Carbon Material at Room Temperature
Effective Date
10-Mar-1998
Referred By
ASTM C781-20 - Standard Practice for Testing Graphite Materials for Gas-Cooled Nuclear Reactor Components
Effective Date
10-Mar-1998
Referred By
ASTM D7775-21 - Standard Guide for Measurements on Small Graphite Specimens
Effective Date
10-Mar-1998
Referred By
ASTM C1783-15 - Standard Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composite Structures for Nuclear Applications
Effective Date
10-Mar-1998
Referred By
ASTM C1793-15 - Standard Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Silicon Carbide-Silicon Carbide Composite Structures for Nuclear Applications
Effective Date
10-Mar-1998

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ASTM C611-98 - Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles at Room TemperatureASTM C611-98 - Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles at Room Temperature
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ASTM C611-98 - Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles at Room Temperature
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
AnAmerican National Standard
Designation:C 611–98
Standard Test Method for
Electrical Resistivity of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite
Articles at Room Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 611; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4.2 Bridge, Potentiometer,or Suitable Digital Voltmeter,
with necessary accessories for making resistance measure-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elec-
ments with a limit of error of less than 0.5 %. Fig. 2
tricalresistivityofmanufacturedcarbonandgraphitearticlesat
schematically depicts two wiring diagrams that have been
room temperature.
found satisfactory for this purpose.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.3 The means for measuring the dimensions of the speci-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
men should be adequate to determine its gage length and its
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mean area of cross section, each within 0.5 %.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Test Specimen
2. Terminology 5.1 Thetestspecimenmaybeintheformofastrip,rod,bar,
or tube.
2.1 Definition:
5.2 In order to determine the resistivity, each specimen shall
2.1.1 resistivity—the property of a material that determines
conform to the following:
its resistance to the flow of an electrical current. It is defined as
5.2.1 The cross-sectional area shall be uniform within
the value of r, in milliohm metres, as follows:
0.75 %.Ingeneral,thediameterofcircularcrosssection,orthe
r5 ~R·A!/L
thickness and width of a strip specimen shall be determined by
micrometer measurements, and a sufficient number of mea-
where:
surements shall be made to obtain a mean cross-sectional area
R = resistance of a specimen of the material of uniform
to within 0.5 %. The test specimen shall be machined to yield
cross section, ohms,
planar and parallel end faces. These faces shall be perpendicu-
A = uniform cross section, mm , and
lar to the specimen length to within 0.001 mm/mm. All
L = distance between potential contacts, mm.
2.1.1.1 In cases where resistivity is requested in ohm- surfaces shall have a surface finish visually comparable to 0.8
µm (32 µin.) rms. Reasonable care should be exercised to
inches, multiply r in milliohm metres by 0.03937.
assure that all edges are sharp and without chips or other flaws.
3. Significance and Use
5.2.2 The test specimen shall show no defects observable
3.1 This test method provides a means of determining the with normal vision and shall be free of surface deposits.
electrical resistivity of carbon or graphite specimens. The use 5.2.3 The minimum ratio of specimen length to maximum
of specimens that do not conform to the specimen size cross-sectional dimension (width or diameter) shall be 6 : 1.
limitations described in the test method may result in an 5.2.3.1 The gage length may be measured by any scale that
alteration of test method accuracy. will give an accuracy of 60.5 % in the length measured. In the
direction of the length of the specimen, the dimension of each
4. Apparatus
potential contact shall be not more than 0.5 % of the distance
4.1 The means for applying current and potential terminals
betweenthepotentialcontacts.Theminimumdistancebetween
to the specimen is specified in 5.2.3.1. A typical specimen
each potential contact and the adjacent current contact shall be
holder is shown in Fig. 1.
the maximum cross-sectional dimension (width or diameter) of
the specimen. If knife edges are used, they shall be parallel to
each other and peripendicular to the longitudinal direction of
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
the sample. The minimum ratio of gage length to maximum
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
cross-sectional dimension (width or diameter) shall be 4 : 1.
D02.F on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products.
5.2.4 No dimension shall be smaller than five times the
Current edition approved March 10, 1998. Published August 1998. Originally
published as C 611 – 69. Last previous edition C 611 – 84 (Reapproved 1991). length of the largest visible particle.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
C611
1—Base block 12—Wire gauze holder
2—Pivot block 13—Pivot red
3—Current block adjustable 14—Screw: sockethead
4—Current block stationary 15—Roundhead screw
5—Clamp block 16—Roundhead screw
6—Clamp screw 17—Roundhead screw
7—Brush holder 18—Screw, sockethead
8—Contacts 19—Set screw
9—Current block support 20—Neoprene
10—Current block guide 21—Wire gauze
11—Pivot bracket 22—Set screw
NOTE 1—Contacts for the voltage and current probes may be made through channels drilled in the brush holders (7) and the current blocks (3 and 4),
respectively.
FIG. 1 Typical Test Apparatus
5.2.5 No joints or splices are permissible, unless this is the to minimize errors due to contact potential and forward and
variable under study. reverse currents. Average all individual values of measured
resistance and use this value to calculate the resistivity.
6. Conditioning
7.2 Heating of Specimen—In all resistance measurements,
the measuring current raises the temperature of the specimen
6.1 The specimen shall be dried for a minimum of2hat
above that of the surrounding medium. Therefore, take care to
110°C, cooled to room temperature in a desiccator, and stored
keep the magnitude of the current low, and the time short
in a desiccator until tested.
eno
...

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This test method details the standard procedures for determining the flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a simple beam in four-point loading at room temperature. The four-point loading fixture shall consist of spherical bearing blocks of hardened steel or its equivalent to ensure that forces applied to the beam are normal only and without eccentricity, and distortion of the loading member is prevented. Judicious use of linkages, rocker bearings, and flexure plates may maintain the parallel direction of loads and reactions. The test specimens shall be prepared to yield a parallelepiped with cross sections that are rectangular, faces that are parallel and flat, and edges that are free from visible flaws and chips.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes.  
4.2 This test method determines the maximum loading on a graphite specimen with simple beam geometry in 4-point bending, and it provides a means for the calculation of flexural strength at ambient temperature and environmental conditions.
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4.1 Core sampling is an acceptable way of obtaining a test specimen without destroying the usefulness of the electrode.  
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4.2 This practice may not provide a test specimen of the appropriate size (with respect to particle size/sample dimension ratios) to allow the determination of absolute property values.
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1.1 This practice was developed for electric-arc furnace graphite electrodes, and covers a procedure and equipment for obtaining core samples from electrodes in a manner that does not destroy the electrode nor prevent its subsequent use as originally intended. However, the minimum electrode diameter, for which extraction of a core sample using this practice does not influence subsequent use, is influenced by the particular application and must be determined by the user. Graphite electrodes for use in electric arc furnaces are usually solid cylinders of graphite with threaded sockets machined in each end.  
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Note 1: The following ASTM standards are noted as sources of useful information: Test Methods C559, C611, C651, C747, C1025, and C1039.  
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ASTM C559-16(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bulk Density by Physical Measurements of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles

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4.1 Bulk density as determined by this test method is a basic material property of importance in manufacturing and application of carbon and graphite.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bulk density of manufactured articles of carbon and graphite of at least 500 mm3 volume. The bulk density is calculated to an accuracy of 0.25 %, using measurements of mass and dimensions in air at 25 °C ± 5 °C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7972-14(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Three-Point Loading at Room Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a framework for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. The user needs to assess the applicability of the method on the specific material and for the intended use, as shown by the interlaboratory study.  
4.2 This test method determines the maximum loading on a graphite specimen with simple beam geometry in three–point bending, and it provides a means for the calculation of flexural strength at ambient temperature and environmental conditions.  
4.3 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. For materials with large grains, the minimum specimen dimension should be significantly larger than the maximum grain size (see Guide D7775).  
4.4 Flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the loading rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen sizes and fixtures should be chosen to reduce errors due to material variability or testing parameters, such as friction and non-parallelism of specimen surfaces.  
4.5 The flexural strength of a manufactured graphite or carbon material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this standard, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in Practices C1239 and C1322.  
4.6 The three-point test configuration exposes only a very small portion of the specimen to the maximum stress. Therefore, three-point flexural strengths are likely to be much greater than four-po...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a square, rectangular or cylindrical beam in three-point loading at room temperature.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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