ASTM E2856-11

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: E2856 – 11
Standard Guide for
1
Estimation of LNAPL Transmissivity
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2856; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ing the relationship of discharge versus drawdown for the
occurrence of LNAPLin a well, which can be used to estimate
1.1 This guide provides field data collection and calculation
the transmissivity of LNAPL in the formation. The focus,
methodologies for the estimation of light non-aqueous phase
therefore,istoprovidestandardmethodologyonhowtoobtain
liquid (LNAPL) transmissivity in unconsolidated porous sedi-
accurate measurements of these two parameters (that is,
ments. The methodologies presented herein may, or may not
discharge and drawdown) for multi-phase occurrences to
be, applicable to other hydrogeologic regimes (for example,
estimate LNAPL transmissivity.
karst, fracture flow). LNAPL transmissivity represents the
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1.2 Organization of this Guide:
volume of LNAPL(L ) through a unit width (L) of aquifer per
2
1.2.1 Section 2 presents documents referenced.
unit time (t) per unit drawdown (L) with units of (L /T).
1.2.2 Section 3 presents terminology used.
LNAPL transmissivity is a directly proportional metric for
1.2.3 Section 4 presents significance and use.
LNAPL recoverability whereas other metrics such as apparent
1.2.4 Section 5 presents general information on four meth-
LNAPL thickness gauged in wells do not exhibit a consistent
ods for data collection related to LNAPL transmissivity calcu-
relationship to recoverability. The recoverability for a given
lation. This section compares and contrasts the methods in a
gauged LNAPLthickness in a well will vary between different
way that will allow a user of this guide to assess which method
soil types, LNAPLtypes or hydrogeologic conditions. LNAPL
most closely aligns with the site conditions and available data
transmissivity accounts for those parameters and conditions.
collection opportunities.
LNAPLtransmissivity values can be used in the following five
1.2.5 Sections 6 and 7 presents the test methods for each of
ways: (1) Estimate LNAPL recovery rate for multiple tech-
the four data collection options.After reviewing Section 5 and
nologies; (2) Identify trends in recoverability via mapping; (3)
selecting a test method, a user of this guide shall then proceed
Applied as a leading (startup) indicator for recovery; (4)
to the applicable portion of Sections 6 and 7 which describes
Applied as a lagging (shutdown) indicator for LNAPL recov-
the detailed test methodology for the selected method.
ery; and (5) Applied as a robust calibration metric for multi-
2 1.2.6 Section 8 presents data evaluation methods. After
phase models (Hawthorne and Kirkman, 2011 (1) and ITRC
reviewing Section 5 and the pertinent test method section(s) of
((2)). The methodologies for LNAPLtransmissivity estimation
Sections6and7,theuserofthisguideshallthenproceedtothe
provided in this document include short-term aquifer testing
applicable portion(s) of Section 8 to understand the method-
methods (LNAPL baildown/slug testing and manual LNAPL
ologies for evaluation of the data which will be collected. It is
skimming testing), and long-term methods (that is, LNAPL
highly recommended that the test methods and data evaluation
recovery system performance analysis, and LNAPL tracer
procedures be understood prior to initiating data collection.
testing). The magnitude of transmissivity of any fluid in the
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
subsurface is controlled by the same variables (that is, fluid
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
pore space saturation, soil permeability, fluid density, fluid
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
viscosity, the interval that LNAPL flows over in the formation
and are not considered standard.
and the gravitational acceleration constant). A direct math-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ematical relationship exists between the transmissivity of a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
fluid and the discharge of that fluid for a given induced
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
drawdown. The methodologies are generally aimed at measur-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
1.5 This document is applicable to wells exhibiting LNAPL
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is
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