ASTM E2266-22

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2266 − 22
Standard Guide for
Design and Construction of Low-Rise Frame Building Wall
Systems to Resist Water Intrusion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2266; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
1.1 This guide describes design, specification, selection,
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
installation, and inspection of new building wall systems,
exterior deck and stair components, doors, windows, penetra-
1.12 This standard may involve hazardous materials,
tions and sealant joints of wood and metal frame buildings,
operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
typically four stories or less, to minimize water intrusion.
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
1.2 This guide does not address prevention of damage use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
caused by water originating from the use of wet building establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental prac-
materialsorfromindoororoutdoorhumidity.Waterfromthese
tices and determine the applicability of regulatory require-
sources can be important, and the potential for damage caused
ments prior to use.
bywaterfromthesesourcesmustnotbeoverlookedinbuilding
1.13 Organization of Document:
design or construction.
Section
Scope 1
1.3 This guide does not address roofing systems, except
Referenced Documents 2
whenthesurfaceofadeckalsoservesasaroofandatlocations
Terminology 3
where roof systems interface with building walls.
Summary of Guide 4
Significance and Use 5
1.4 This guide does not address any type of barrier wall
General Design Principles 6
system. Design Practices 7
General Guidelines 8
1.5 This guide does not address any exterior insulation and
Drainage Walls 9
Drainage Walls—General 9.1
finish system (EIFS).
Drainage Wall Cladding—Portland Cement Plaster 9.2
1.6 This guide does not address foundation conditions
(Stucco)
Drainage Wall Cladding—Wood and Wood-Derived 9.3
where the bottom of a slab on grade or the grade of a crawl
Products
space is at or below the water table or subject to hydrostatic
Drainage Wall Cladding—Vinyl Siding 9.4
pressure. Drainage Wall Cladding—Fiber-Cement Siding 9.5
Cavity Drainage Walls 10
1.7 This guide is intended to supplement and not duplicate
Cavity Drainage Walls—General 10.1
Cavity Drainage Wall Cladding—Masonry 10.2
building code requirements.
Wood Framed Decks and Stairs with Exposed Framing 11
1.8 Maintenance, although important, is not covered in
and Decking
Plaza Decks or Stairs with Enclosed Framing and a 12
detail.
Waterproofing Membrane with Separate Wearing
Surfaces
1.9 Application of finishes, such as paint and sealers, may
Plaza Decks or Stairs with Enclosed Framing and a 13
be important in the performance of some types of cladding;
Waterproofing Membrane with an Integral Wearing
however, this is not covered in detail.
Surface
Windows, Doors, and Similar Wall Penetrations 14
1.10 This guide applies only to constructions with
Special Wall Configuration 15
sheathing, which facilitates installation of the water-resistive
Exterior Sealant Joints 16
Keywords 17
barrier and associated flashings in a common plane.
Appendix—Introduction to Guide Details Appendix
X1
1 Appendix—General Notes for Cement Plaster (Stucco) Appendix
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance
Details X2
of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.55 on Perfor-
Appendix—Additional Resources Appendix
mance of Building Enclosures.
X3
Current edition approved May 15, 2022. Published May 2022. Originally
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as E2266–21. DOI:
10.1520/E2266-22.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2266 − 22
1.14 This international standard was developed in accor- C1127/C1127M Guide for Use of High Solids Content, Cold
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
with an Integral Wearing Surface
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement Sheets
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
C1193 Guide for Use of Joint Sealants
C1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Related
2. Referenced Documents
Units (Withdrawn 2009)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1232 Terminology for Masonry
A153/A153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on
C1299 Guide for Use in Selection of Liquid-Applied Seal-
Iron and Steel Hardware
ants (Withdrawn 2012)
C11 Terminology Relating to Gypsum and Related Building
C1400 Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in
Materials and Systems
New Masonry Walls
C43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products (Withdrawn
C1405 Specification for Glazed Brick (Single Fired, Brick
2009)
Units)
C55 Specification for Concrete Building Brick
D226/D226M Specification for Asphalt-Saturated Organic
C62 Specification for Building Brick (Solid Masonry Units
Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing
Made From Clay or Shale)
D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
C67/C67M Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick
D1970/D1970M Specification for Self-Adhering Polymer
and Structural Clay Tile
Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Used as Steep
C90 Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry Units
Roofing Underlayment for Ice Dam Protection
C126 Specification for Ceramic Glazed Structural Clay Fac-
D3679 Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)
ing Tile, Facing Brick, and Solid Masonry Units
Siding
C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
D4477 Specification for Rigid (Unplasticized) Poly(Vinyl
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Chloride) (PVC) Soffit
C216 Specification for Facing Brick (Solid Masonry Units
D4756 Practice for Installation of Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chlo-
Made from Clay or Shale)
ride) (PVC) Siding and Soffit
C270 Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
D5843/D5843M Guide for Application of Fully Adhered
C652 Specification for Hollow Brick (Hollow Masonry
Vulcanized Rubber Sheets Used in Waterproofing
Units Made From Clay or Shale)
D5898 Guide for Standard Details forAdhered Sheet Water-
C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
proofing
C755 Practice for Selection of Water Vapor Retarders for
D5957 Guide for Flood Testing Horizontal Waterproofing
Thermal Insulation
Installations
C836/C836M Specification for High Solids Content, Cold
D6134/D6134M Specification forVulcanized Rubber Sheets
Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane for
Used in Waterproofing Systems
Use with Separate Wearing Course
D6135 Practice for Application of Self-Adhering Modified
C896 Terminology Relating to Clay Products
Bituminous Waterproofing (Withdrawn 2014)
C898/C898M Guide for Use of High Solids Content, Cold
D6622/D6622M Guide for Application of Fully Adhered
Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane
Hot-Applied Reinforced Waterproofing Systems
with Separate Wearing Course
D6864 Specification for Color andAppearance Retention of
C920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
Solid Colored Plastic Siding Products (Withdrawn 2018)
C926 Specification for Application of Portland Cement-
E241 Guide for Limiting Water-Induced Damage to Build-
Based Plaster
ings
C957/C957M Specification for High-Solids Content, Cold
E331 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior
Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane
Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uni-
With Integral Wearing Surface
form Static Air Pressure Difference
C981 Guide for Design of Built-Up Bituminous Membrane
E547 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior
Waterproofing Systems for Building Decks
Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic
C1063 Specification for Installation of Lathing and Furring
Static Air Pressure Difference
to Receive Interior and Exterior Portland Cement-Based
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
Plaster
E1105 Test Method for Field Determination of Water Pen-
C1088 Specification for Thin Veneer Brick Units Made
etration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors,
From Clay or Shale
and Curtain Walls, by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air
Pressure Difference
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
E1677 SpecificationforAirBarrier(AB)MaterialorAssem-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
blies for Low-Rise Framed Building Walls
the ASTM website.
E1825 Guide for Evaluation of Building Exterior Enclosure
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. Materials, Products, and Systems
E2266 − 22
E2112 Practice for Installation of Exterior Windows, Doors 2.8 CCMC Standard:
and Skylights NRCC-45-673 Technical Guide for Sheathing, Membrane,
F1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, and Breather-Type
Staples
2.9 CGSB Standard:
CAN/CGSB 51.32-M77 Sheathing, Membrane, Breather
2.2 AAMA Standards:
Type
AAMA 501 Methods of Test for Metal Curtain Walls
2.10 CMHC Standard:
AAMA501.2 Field Check of Metal Curtain Walls for Water
Wood-Frame Envelopes in the Coastal Climate of British
Leakage
Columbia
AAMA 502 Voluntary Specification for Field Testing of
2.11 CPA Standards:
Windows and Sliding Doors
ANSI/AHA 135.6 Hardboard Siding
AAMA 850 Fenestration Sealants Guide Manual
RecommendedBasicApplicationInstructionsforHardboard
AAMA IM-TM InstallationMasters Training Manual Win-
Siding
dow Selection Guide
Coatings Specification for Field-Applied Coatings on Hard-
2.3 ACI Standard:
board Siding
ACI 524 Guide to Portland Cement Plastering
Finishing Recommendations for New Construction Using
2.4 ANSI Standards: Unprimed and Primed Hardboard Siding
ANSI/ASCE 7 Building Code Requirements for Minimum
Maintenance Tips for Hardboard Siding
Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures
2.12 CSSB Standards:
ANSI/AHA A135.6 American National Standard for Hard-
Wall Construction Manual
board Siding
Grading Rules for Certigrade Red Cedar Shingles
ANSI/AAMA/NWWDA 101/I.S. 2-97 Voluntary Specifica- Grading Rules for Certi-Split Red Cedar Shakes
tionsforAluminum,Vinyl(PVC)andWoodWindowsand
Grading Rules for Tapersawn Red Cedar Shakes
Glass Doors
2.13 Federal Specification:
ANSI/AAMA/WDMA 101/I.S. 2/NAFS-02 Voluntary Per-
UU B 790a Building Paper
formanceSpecificationforWindows,Skylights,andGlass
2.14 ICC-ES Standards:
Doors
AC38 Acceptance Criteria for Weather-Resistive Barriers
AC39 Acceptance Criteria for Walking Decks
2.5 APA Standards:
2.15 MLPB Standard:
APA 303 Siding Manufacturing Specifications
Stucco in Residential Construction
Avoiding Moisture Accumulation in Walls
2.16 NCMA Standard:
Buckling of Wood-Based Panel Siding
NCMA TEK Bulletins
Installation of Stucco Exterior Finish Over Wood Structural
2.17 NELMA Standard:
Panel Wall Sheathing
Standard Grading Rules for Northeastern Lumber
Product Guide Performance Rated Sidings
8 2.18 NRCA Standard:
2.6 AWPA Standards:
NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual
AWPA C2 Lumber, Timbers, Bridge Ties and Mine Ties,
Pressure Treatment
AWPAC28 PreservativeTreatment by Pressure Processes of
Available from Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC), Institute for
Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road,
Structural Glue Laminated Members and Laminations
Building M-58, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, https://nrc-cnrc.canada.ca/.
Before Gluing
Available from Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB), 11 Laurier St.,
AWPA M4 Care of Pressure Treated Wood Products
Portage III, Place du Portage, Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0S5, Canada, http://
www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/comm/cn-cu-eng.html.
2.7 BIA Standard:
Available from Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), 700
Technical Notes on Brick Construction
Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0P7, Canada, http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca.
Available from Composite PanelAssociation (CPA), 19465 DeerfieldAvenue,
Suite 306, Leesburg, VA 20176, https://www.compositepanel.org/.
Available from Cedar Shake and Shingle Bureau (CSSB), 300 – 34334 Forrest
Available from Fenestration & Glazing IndustryAlliance (FGIA), 1900 E Golf Terrace, Abbotsford, B.C. V2S 1G7, Canada, http://www.cedarbureau.org.
Rd, Suite 1250 Schaumburg, IL 60173, https://www.fgiaonline.org. On January 1, Available from U.S. General Services Administration (GSA), 1800 F Street,
2020, theAmericanArchitectural ManufacturersAssociation (AAMA) and Insulat- NW Washington, DC 20405, http://www.gsa.gov.
ing Glass Manufacturers Alliance (IGMA) merged to become Fenestration & The ICC Evaluation Service (ICC-ES) is reviewing Acceptance Criteria
Glazing Industry Alliance (FGIA). previously issued by the ICBO Evaluation Service. At the publication of this
Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), 38800 Country Club Dr., standard,AC38 andAC39 are considered Interim Criteria. ICC Evaluation Service,
Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3439, http://www.concrete.org. 3060 Saturn Street, Suite 100, Brea, California 92821, http://www.icc-es.org.
6 17
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Available from Minnesota Lath and Plaster Bureau (MLPB), 1270 Northland
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. Dr, Ste 150, Mendota Hts, MN 55120, http://www.mnlath-plaster.com.
7 18
Available fromAPA– The Engineered WoodAssociation, 7011 S. 19th Street, Available from National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA), 13750
Tacoma, WA 98466-5333, http://www.apawood.org. Sunrise Valley Drive, Herndon, VA 20171, http://www.ncma.org.
8 19
Available from American Wood Protection Association (AWPA), P.O. Box Available from Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association (NELMA),
361784, Birmingham, AL 35236-1784, http://www.awpa.com. 272 Tuttle Road, Cumberland Center, ME 04021, http://www.nelma.org.
9 20
Available from The Brick Industry Association (BIA), 12007 Sunrise Valley Available from National Roofing ContractorsAssociation (NRCA), 10255 W.
Drive, Suite 430, Reston, VA 20191, http://www.gobrick.com. Higgins Road, Suite 600, Rosemont, IL 60018-5607, http://www.nrca.net.
E2266 − 22
21 35
2.19 NWCB Standard: 2.33 WDMA Standard:
Stucco Resource Guide WDMA I.S. 4 Water-Repellent Preservative Non-Pressure
Treatment for Millwork
2.20 PCA Standard:
Portland Cement (Stucco) Manual
2.34 WRCLA Standard:
2.21 RIS Standard: Installing Siding
Standard Specifications for Grades of California Redwood 2.35 WSCPA Standard:
Lumber
Design Guide for Anchored Brick Veneer Over Steel Studs
2.22 SMACNA Standards:
2.36 WWPA Standards:
Architectural Sheet Metal Manual
Natural Wood Siding: Selection Installation and Finishing
Residential Sheet Metal Guidelines
Western Wood Grading Rules
2.23 SPC Standard:
3. Terminology
Guide to Southern Pine Siding
2.24 SPIB Standard:
3.1 Definitions—For terms used in this guide, refer to
Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber
Terminology E631. For an explanation of terms that may be
2.25 SPRI Standard:
used in referenced documents refer to Terminologies C43,
Flexible Membrane Roofing: A Professional’s Guide to C168, C717, C896, C1180, C1209, C1232, and D1079.
Specifications
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.26 SWRI Standard:
3.2.1 air retarder (AR)—also commonly referred to as “air
Sealants The Professional’s Guide
barrier” and “house wrap;” a material or system in building
2.27 TCA Standard:
constructionthatisdesignedandinstalledtoreduceairleakage
Ceramic Tile Handbook
either into or through an opaque wall. Refer to Specification
2.28 TLPC Standard:
E1677.
Lath and Plaster Systems Manual
3.2.2 barrier wall—type of wall system that is intended to
2.29 USDC-FPL Standard:
manage all precipitation at the exterior surface of the cladding
Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-113 Wood Handbook—Wood as
and associated sealants and flashings.These walls are designed
an Engineering Material
to prevent water intrusion by a combination of a water barrier
2.30 USDC-NIST Standard:
on the exterior surface and temporary absorption of water.
DOC PS 20 American Softwood Lumber Standard
3.2.2.1 Discussion—These wall systems consist of the ex-
2.31 VSI Standard:
terior surface of the wall and the exterior surface of fenestra-
Installation: A How To Guide
tionproducts,usuallyconnectedbyasealantjoint.Barrierwall
2.32 West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau (WCLIB) Stan-
systemsmayincludefenestrationsystemsthatcollectanddrain
dard:
water to the exterior.
Standard No. 17 Grading Rules for West Coast Lumber
3.2.3 building wall components—materials that function as
or are designated as being essential to the effective weather-
AvailablefromNorthwestWallandCeilingBureau(NWCB),12437NE173rd proofing of the building.
PL, Suite 200, Woodinville, WA 98072, http://www.nwcb.org.
22 3.2.4 cladding—the outermost component of the wall sys-
Available from Portland CementAssociation (PCA), 5420 Old Orchard Road,
tem that provides resistance to intrusion of water originating as
Skokie, Illinois 60077-1083, http://www.cement.org.
Available from Western Wood Products Association, Redwood Inspection
precipitation into the wall. Examples of cladding are portland
Service, 1500 SWFirstAve., Ste 870, Portland, OR 97201, https://www.wwpa.org/.
cement plaster (stucco), wood and wood-based siding, wood
Available from Sheet Metal & Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Asso-
shingles, masonry veneer, and vinyl and aluminum siding.
ciation (SMACNA), 4201 Lafayette Center Dr., Chantilly, VA 20151-1219, http://
www.smacna.org.
3.2.5 deck—a horizontal surface intended for human occu-
Available from Southern Pine Council, 2900 IndianaAve. Kenner, LA70065,
pancy or use that is exposed to the weather.
http://www.southernpine.com.
Available from The Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB), P.O. Box 10915
3.2.6 drainage wall—a wall system in which the cladding
Pensacola, FL 32524-0915, http://www.spib.org.
provides a substantial barrier to water intrusion, but which also
AvailablefromSingle-PlyRoofingIndustry(SPRI),465WaverleyOaksRoad,
incorporates means for dissipating water that may circumvent
Suite 421, Waltham, MA 02452, http://www.spri.org.
Available from Sealant Waterproofing & Restoration Institute (SWRI), 400
the cladding. For purposes of this standard, a drainage wall is
Admiral Blvd, Kansas City, MO 64106, http://www.swrionline.org.
assumedtoincorporateaconcealedwater-resistivebarrierover
Available from The Tile Council of North America, Inc. (TCNA), 100
which drainage, away from water-sensitive components of the
Clemson Research Blvd., Anderson, SC 29625, https://www.tcnatile.com.
Available fromTexas Lathing & Plastering ContractorsAssociation (TLPCA),
P.O. Box 152282 Arlington, TX 76015, http://www.tlpca.org.
31 35
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory Available from Window & Door ManufacturersAssociation (WDMA), 330 N
(USDC-FPL) documents are available from the U.S. Government Publishing Office Wabash Avenue, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60611, https://www.wdma.com.
(GPO), 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401, http://www.gpo.gov. Available from Western Red Cedar LumberAssociation (WRCLA), Suite 415
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 4-32465 South Fraser Way, Abbotsford, BC Canada V2T 0C7, http://
Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov. www.realcedar.com.
33 37
Available from Vinyl Siding Institute (VSI), 1800 Diagonal Rd., Suite 545, Available from Western States Clay Products Association (WSCPA), 1315
Alexandria, VA 22314, http://www.vinylsiding.org. Storm Parkway Torrance, CA 90501-5041, http://www.brick-wscpa.org.
34 38
Available from Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau (PLIB), 1010 South 336th Available from Western Wood ProductsAssociation (WWPA), 1500 SW First
Street #210, Federal Way, WA 98003-7394, http://www.plib.org. Ave, Ste 870, Portland, OR 97201, http://www.wwpa.org.
E2266 − 22
wall, may occur. In addition to drainage behind the cladding, 3.2.17 plaza deck—a deck, the components of which are
evaporation may play an important role in dissipating moisture covered with materials or systems intended to protect the
in some types of cladding. structure and/or enclosed areas below from precipitation or
irrigation water.
3.2.7 drainage wall, cavity—a type of drainage wall char-
acterized by a vertical air space, which is either wholly or 3.2.18 portland cement plaster (stucco) system—systems
include plaster, with portland cement and aggregate, and
substantially unobstructed, between the water-resistive barrier
and the back surface of the cladding system. The space typically on frame buildings, metallic lath. Portland cement
plaster(stucco)claddingmayalsoincludeadheredveneersuch
between the water-resistive barrier and the cladding may be
bridged, depending on the type of cladding, by masonry ties, as thin brick, ceramic and thin stone veneer.
vertical furring, or open-mesh synthetic polymer media. 3.2.18.1 Discussion—For portland cement refer to Specifi-
cation C150/C150M. For lathing and furring installation refer
3.2.8 exterior wall—a wall or wall component that defines
toSpecificationC1063.Forportlandcementplasterapplication
the exterior boundary of a building.
refer to Specification C926.
3.2.9 flashing—a component or system typically composed
3.2.19 protected membrane plaza deck—a plaza deck con-
of sheet material that is employed at interfaces between
structedwiththewaterproofmembraneplaceddirectlyoverthe
buildingcomponentsforthepurposeofdivertingwaterdirectly
structuraldecksurface(usuallyconcreteorwoodpanelsheath-
to the exterior or onto the water-resistive barrier.
ing) with a separate traffic-bearing surface, such as concrete,
3.2.10 frame building—a building in which the walls and
ceramic tile, or pedestal-supported pavers placed on top of the
roofs are supported structurally by wood or light steel framing.
membrane.
Exterior surfaces typically are finished with cladding systems.
3.2.20 saddle flashing—a type of flashing which covers the
3.2.11 hold points—times in the course of construction
intersecting joint between a vertical surface and horizontal
where specific components are to be inspected prior to appli-
penetration or appendage, such as the right-angle intersection
cation or installation of covering components.
of a beam penetrating a wall, or the intersection of a parapet to
a wall.
3.2.12 low-rise—a structure consisting of four or fewer
stories of frame construction.
3.2.21 self-adhering flashing—some materials comply with
Specification D1970/D1970M. This term applies to membrane
3.2.13 maintenance interval—the period of time a building
systems of several types in which modified asphalt or butyl
component will function successfully without requiring action
rubber adhesive is applied in the factory to sheets of
to achieve its service life.
polyethylene, polypropylene, or foil to a total thickness of
3.2.14 maintenance manual—a document organized by
0.5 mm to 1.5 mm (0.020 in. to 0.060 in.).
building components or systems in the CSI or other format
3.2.21.1 Discussion—This material, which is generally not
agreeable to the owner, which includes, at a minimum, the
intended for exposed use, can be used for areas requiring
following: original drawings and specification, as-built
additional durability or resistance to wind-driven rain, such as
changes, warranties and guarantees, vendor-provided mainte-
flashing, reinforcement of corners, and as a lap sealant. When
nance instructions, anticipated maintenance life, anticipated
self-adhering flashings are used in conjunction with a water-
service life, maintenance recommendations and requirements,
resistive barrier, the materials should be compatible. These
and names, addresses and phone numbers of subcontractors
types of membranes have very low vapor permeance, and as
and installers.
such, should be used with caution when applied over large
3.2.15 manufacturer’s recommendations—design, applica-
areas or entire wall surfaces.
tion, or construction recommendations provided by the manu-
3.2.22 service life—theperiodoftimeabuildingcomponent
facturer or vendor of a product or system by means of
or system will function successfully without replacement or
mass-distributed product literature, catalogs, internet web sites
excessive repair, assuming reasonable or expected periodic
or manuals. Manufacturers may also authorize individuals to
maintenance is performed.
issue project-specific recommendations.
3.2.23 sheathing—a rigid panel material fastened to the
3.2.16 pan flashing—a type of flashing used at the base of
exterior surfaces of wall framing members, which provides a
large openings or penetrations, such as doors or windows. Pan
continuous plane interrupted only by intentional wall openings
flashings are designed to collect water and drain water directly
(such as those for fenestration units) and by small panel
to the exterior or onto the water-resistive barrier. Pan flashings
spacing gaps.
have an upturned inner leg and upturned end legs, which form
3.2.24 soffıt—the underside of exposed horizontal surfaces,
a three-sided pan.
such as plaza decks, bay windows, roof overhangs, and heads
of recessed window and door openings.
3.2.25 water intrusion—water originating as precipitation
MasterFormat, 1995 Edition Master List of Numbers and Titles for the
Construction Industry, is available from Construction Specifications Institute (CSI),
that penetrates beyond the water-resistive barrier of the wall.
123 North Pitt St, Ste 450, Alexandria, VA 22314, http://www.csinet.org. This
3.2.25.1 Discussion—Water that penetrates past the outer-
revised guide is used to classify construction resources, including project
most surface of a drainage wall and beyond the water-resistive
information, products, and human effort.The five-digit numbering system organizes
construction specifications, project manuals, cost estimates, and data files. barrier that has the potential to cause deterioration of sheathing
E2266 − 22
or framing. If the water penetrates in sufficient quantities or low-rise frame buildings to make them resistant to water
occurs chronically, the deterioration may be significant. Larger intrusion from precipitation to minimize resulting damage.
amounts of water intrusion may also result in obvious leakage
4.2 This guide is based on the assumption that building wall
to the interior and damage to the interior wall finishes, interior
systems are supposed to maintain their structural integrity for
furnishings and equipment. Damage to framing and sheathing
a period in excess of a traditional 30-year mortgage, and by
can occur without obvious visible leakage to the interior.
extension, that water intrusion over that period is restricted to
3.2.26 water-resistive barrier—the concealed barrier in a
such a degree that water-induced structural damage is avoided.
drainage wall system installed in exterior building walls before
Inessencetheexpectationisthataframewall’swatershedding
the installation of cladding.
functionality will remain viable over a period in excess of a
3.2.26.1 Discussion—The water-resistive barrier is not ac-
traditional 30-year mortgage, given that the building is not
cessible and therefore is expected, along with associated
subject to abuse, and receives a reasonable level of mainte-
flashings, to remain functional for the service life of the
nance. This guide recognizes that not all components of a
building wall system.
building’s water-shedding system have the same life expectan-
3.2.26.2 Discussion—Specifications for water-resistive bar-
cies or maintenance requirements.
riers include ICC-ES AC38 and CAN/CGSB 51.32-M77.
4.3 Thisguideincludesbothgeneralandspecificguidelines.
Water-resistive barriers may also meet the requirements of
Practical experience indicates that the guidelines, if properly
Specification E1677 and function as air barriers.
implemented, will result in the assumption outlined in 4.2
3.2.27 water-resistive barrier, felt-based—asphalt-saturated
being attained.
felts meeting requirements of Specification D226/D226M,
5. Significance and Use
which defines Type I and II.
3.2.27.1 Discussion—Type I felt is commonly called #15
5.1 This guide may be used by public agencies to set
2 2
felt and has a minimum weight of 560 g/m (11.5 lb/100 ft )in
standards affecting the weather resistance, durability, and
accordance with Specification D226/D226M. Type II is com-
performance of new building wall systems, exterior deck and
monly called #30 felt and has a minimum weight of 1270
stair components, doors, windows, penetrations and sealant
2 2
g/m (26 lb/100 ft ) in accordance with Specification D226/
joints beyond those specifically defined in the building codes.
D226M. Note that some manufacturers market one “#15” felt
5.2 This guide may be used by building field inspectors as a
that meets Specification D226/D226M and another “#15” felt
resource for construction inspection during the construction
that does not meet Specification D226/D226M.
phase of a project.
3.2.27.2 Discussion—The 2003 International Residential
5.3 This guide may be used by private organizations or
Coderequiresthatfelthaveaminimumweightof683g/m (14
individuals to set standards affecting the weather resistance,
lb⁄100 ft ) and comply with Specification D226/D226M. The
durability, and performance of building walls.
2003 International Building Code and the 2003 NFPA5000
code require that felt comply with Specification D226/D226M,
5.4 This guide may be used by architects and engineers as a
Type I. The ICC-ES AC38 requires that felts comply with
resource for making design decisions involving material
“ASTM D226/D226M–97a.”
selection, building wall detailing and specifications.
3.2.28 water-resistive barrier, paper-based (building
5.5 This guide may be used by architects and engineers as a
paper)—asphalt-treated kraft paper conforming to ICC-ES
resource for conducting submittal review and construction
AC38 or CAN/CGSB 51.32-M77.
observation during the construction administration phase of a
3.2.28.1 Discussion—ICC-ESAC38definesfourgradesthat
project.
vary in water resistance from grade D (10 minutes) to gradeA
5.6 This guide may be used by contractors as a resource and
(24 hours). Grade D papers that exceed the minimum water
checklist for exercising field quality control.
resistance are available, for example, some manufacturers
make a “60-minute” Grade D paper, which would have 1 hour
6. General Design Principles
of water resistance. The vapor permeance of the grades
6.1 Guide E241 provides a comprehensive discussion of
decreases from Grade D to GradeA. ICC-ESAC38 is based on
means to avoid moisture damage in buildings. It addresses
Federal Specification UU B 790a.
water in liquid and vapor states and discusses water that enters
3.2.29 water-resistive barrier, polymer-based—polymer-
a building either during construction or after completion.
based barriers are proprietary polymeric sheet materials manu-
6.2 Building wall systems must accommodate the precipi-
factured for use as water-resistive barriers. Commonly referred
tation to which they will be exposed with provision for a
to as “house wraps,” they typically provide air barrier func-
prudent factor of safety. Climate, building siting and building
tionality in addition to being a water-resistive barrier.
design determine the exposure to precipitation.
3.2.29.1 Discussion—Standards include ICC Acceptance
6.2.1 Building designs and details that have a history of
Criteria AC38 and CAN/CGSB 51.32-M77. Air barrier func-
successful use in dry climates may not perform adequately in
tionality is defined by Specification E1677.
wetter climates.
4. Summary of Guide
6.2.2 Limiting exposure of exterior walls to precipitation by
4.1 This guide describes principles, materials and proce- using projecting elements, such as roof overhangs and flashing
dures for the design and construction of walls and decks of drip edges is effective.
E2266 − 22
6.2.3 Do not expose walls or decks to roof runoff. than others. Some constructions may tolerate imbalances of
limited magnitude for appreciable time periods. No
6.3 Wallsaremostsusceptibletowaterintrusionatjointsin,
construction, however, can be expected to tolerate cumulative
and penetrations of, the exterior cladding system and at
imbalances for long periods.
junctures of walls with roofs and decks.
6.5.1 When some intrusion of precipitation past the exterior
6.4 Precipitationintrudesintoexteriorwallsandplazadecks
cladding system occurs, a water-resistive barrier, if properly
primarily by three means: gravity, wind, and capillary suction.
manufactured and installed, has proven, within limits, to be
Limitation of intrusion by these primary transport mechanisms
effectiveatpreventingfurtherintrusionofprecipitationintothe
is a basic design principle. Limitation of water intrusion past
wall. Prevention of such further intrusion aids in dissipation of
the cladding system can be brought about by a variety of
the water from the system.
means. These include:
6.5.2 Moisturewithinexteriorwallsandplazadecksmaybe
6.4.1 Limiting the component’s exposure to precipitation.
dissipated by drainage or evaporation. Dissipation by drainage
is typically more rapid. Evaporation aided by air movement
6.4.2 Limiting inclusion of features in the design that are
difficult to successfully execute. For example, limit the size, (ventilation)istypicallymuchmorerapidthanevaporationthat
complexity, or number of penetrations. depends solely on vapor diffusion. For these reasons, cavity
drainage walls are typically effective at dissipating moisture
6.4.3 Designing and constructing the cladding system (in
that intrudes through the cladding system. With or without a
particular, the joints, interfaces, junctures and penetrations) so
cavity, drainage walls can generally be considered as robust
as to provide a reasonably effective barrier to water intrusion.
designs that can tolerate greater degrees of imperfection in
6.4.4 Designandconstructthecladdingsystemsoastolimit
construction and maintenance than can barrier walls.
water intrusion by gravity or wind. This usually involves the
6.5.3 Evaporationunaidedbyventilation,althoughtypically
use of sealants and flashings and relies on proper integration of
slower than evaporation aided by ventilation, may nonetheless
the sealants and flashings with each other and with the system
be important in dissipating moisture from building wall
components. The degree to which the cladding system must
systems, especially in wall systems with limited potential for
prevent water entry, given that precipitation exposure remains
drying by drainage or air movement. Therefore, actions or
constant, is inversely related to the degree to which the wall
practices with the potential to inhibit drying from the wall
system can dissipate water that may penetrate the cladding
assembly systems (for example, use of vapor retarders, see
system.
PracticeC755)shouldnotbeundertakenwithoutcognizanceof
6.4.4.1 ANSI/ASCE 7 can be used to calculate the design
this potential.
loads due to wind on exterior envelope components.
6.4.5 Flashing elements often need to be properly integrated
6.6 Maintenance can greatly influence durability of the
notonlywiththecladdingsystemandsometimeswithsealants,
exterior walls of frame buildings. Components directly ex-
but also with the water-resistive barrier. As implied in the
posed to exterior weather can be expected to require periodic
definitions of drainage wall, flashing elements may be an
maintenance on a schedule considerably shorter than the
integral part of the drainage system, and as such, must be
service life. This period is called the “maintenance interval.”
properlyintegratedwithboththewater-resistivebarrierandthe
Access for maintenance of such components should be consid-
cladding system to function properly.
ered in the design. Most notable are sealant joints (which can
6.4.6 Limiting water intrusion past wood-based cladding beexpectedtorequiremultiplereplacementsduringtheservice
systems may also be accomplished by limiting capillary lifeofthewall),andwoodorwood-basedcomponentsexposed
suction. This can, in turn, be accomplished by the use of to the weather, which can be expected to require refinishing
cladding materials with limited capillary suction, by configur-
with paint or stain or periodic application of water repellants.
ingelementsofthecladdingsystemtolimitcapillarysuctionat Seals integral with window units may likewise be expected to
joints, and by use of water repellants or coatings on elements
require maintenance or replacement within the duration of the
of the cladding system. service life.
6.5 Some intrusion of precipitation past the exterior clad-
7. Design Practices
ding system (generally at joints, penetrations and junctures)
can be expected in most climates. This moisture must be 7.1 Design practices for exterior cladding installation may
dissipated, for if it accumulates, damage can be expected. be categorized as follows: (1) Design based on practical
Wherethedegreeofintrusionpasttheexteriorcladdingsystem experience for the locality; or (2) Design based on understand-
islimited,therequiredcapacityfordissipationmaybereduced. ing of principles such as those described in Section 6.
A construction’s capacity for dissipation must be consistent 7.1.1 Designbasedonpracticalexperienceforthelocalityis
with the level of intrusion. Over sufficiently short time spans, the more traditional practice. In this approach, constructions
however,orwithincertainlimits,aconstructionmaybeableto are designed to emulate those that have, over the course of
store moisture without incurring damage. Therefore, under time, proven dependable in the locality. In practice, this
certain circumstances, moisture storage capacity may allow a approach usually involves cognizance of at least some of the
construction to tolerate a temporary imbalance between intru- principles outlined in Section 6. Designers using this approach
sion and dissipation. Some constructions may tolerate greater may not, however, have reference to an organized list of
magnitudes of temporary imbalance between intrusion and principles such as described in Section 6. Because materials,
dissipation,ormoreprolongedperiodsoftemporaryimbalance products and installation methods, tools and personnel may
E2266 − 22
change over time, this approach usually requires that design 8.4 Conform to referenced standards and industry associa-
principles such as those described in Section 6 be recognized tion recommendations for design and installation of non-
and addressed. This approach may also be aided by use of proprietary materials and generic products, except when such
numerical modeling, most likely to predict how moisture practice can be shown to violate a design principle in Section
conditions behind a secondary water-resistive barrier may be 6.
influenced by its vapor permeance.
8.5 Be aware that selecting a product that conforms to a
7.1.2 Design based on understanding of design principles is
standard does not assure that the product will perform ad-
practiced by evaluating whether a proposed construction takes
equately in all applications. Procedures for evaluating products
the principles into account, and if necessary, altering the
used in exterior walls are discussed in Guide E1825.
proposed construction so that they are followed.As implied in
8.6 In the case of conflict among the requirements of this
7.1.1, the proposed construction may be a variant on a design
guide, manufacturer’s recommendations, or referenced stan-
that is common practice in a local area. Like designs based on
dards and industry association recommendations, the most
practical experience, this approach may also be aided by use of
stringent should be followed, unless the most stringent can be
numerical modeling.
shown to violate a design principle in Section 6 or can be
7.2 Numerical modeling, using computer simulation
shown as unnecessary to meet the basic performance require-
models, can be used to predict moisture conditions within a
ments of this guide.
proposed construction under a given set of conditions and
8.7 Quality control during construction, specifically the use
assumptions. Most commonly, computer models are used to
of checklists and hold points, is recommended.
predict if a proposed construction, which may be resistant to
precipitation leakage, can be expected to experience moisture
8.8 Sealant joints should be designed and executed so as to
accumulation as a result of vapor diffusion. Computer models
permit anticipated maintenance or replacement without ex-
may also be used to predict drying rates of walls fabricated
traordinary or unusual effort.
with damp materials and enclosed before these materials dry
8.9 Before building commissioning, the designer or builder
thoroughly. Relatively simple one-dimensional hydrothermal
should communicate to the building owner the anticipated
models can be used for these purposes. Complex three-
maintenance life and requirements of the construction, if the
dimensional models may be used to predict moisture condi-
requirements deviate appreciatively from conventional expec-
tions in a given wall with assumed amounts and frequency of
tations. A maintenance manual is one way that these can be
water intrusion into the wall. The utility of such models,
communicated to an owner.
however, relies on having realistic inputs for them. The more
8.10 Field testing of water penetration may be done using
complex the model, the more inputs are required, all of which
must be realistic. Test Method E1105. When testing cavity drainage walls, water
penetration through the veneer of the masonry portion of a
7.2.1 Numerical modeling may be used to evaluate choice
of a water-resistive barrier material. Modeling can estimate if veneer wall would not necessarily indicate a failure of the wall
system. Windows may be field tested by AAMA 501, AAMA
a material has the appropriate vapor permeance and water
resistance for a chosen wall design and climate. 501.2, and AAMA 502.
8. General Guidelines
9. Drainage Walls
8.1 Design of installations should be by one or more of the
9.1 Drainage Walls—General:
approaches outlined in Section 7, but whichever approach is
9.1.1 Materials:
used as the primary approach, a review of the final design with
9.1.1.1 Water-Resistive Barrier—Generally, a desirable
regard to the principles in Section 6 should be made.
water-resistive barrier membrane will have high resistance to
8.2 Components that are not accessible without unreason-
water in a liquid form, moderate to low resistance to water in
able effort (or damage to other components that will be costly
a vapor form, resistance to degradation by air, water, and
to replace) should have a service life equal to that of the
ultraviolet radiation (prior to installation of cladding), resis-
cladding system.
tance to tearing, and compatibility with adjacent materials,
8.3 Conform to manufacturer’s most current recommenda- including sealants. There are several generic types of water-
resistive barriers commercially available, and within those
tions for design and installation of proprietary products, except
when such practice can be shown, with supporting rationale types, there is a variety of proprietary products. (Refer to 3.2,
Definitions.) Currently, each of these generic types is regulated
accepted by the designer or owner, to violate a design principle
in Section 6.(Warning—Deviation from manufa
...