ASTM E4-09
(Practice)Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Testing machines that apply and indicate force are used in many industries, in many ways. They may be used in a research laboratory to measure material properties, and in a production line to qualify a product for shipment. No matter what the end use of the machine may be, it is necessary for users to know the amount of force that is applied and indicated, and that the accuracy of the force is traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly NBS. Practices E 4 provides a procedure to verify these machines, in order that the indicated forces may be traceable. A key element to this NIST traceability is that the devices used in the verification have known force characteristics, and have been calibrated in accordance with Practice E 74.
The procedures in Practices E 4 may be used by those using, manufacturing, and providing calibration service for testing machines and related instrumentation.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover procedures for the force verification, by means of standard calibration devices, of tension or compression, or both, static or quasi-static testing machines (which may, or may not, have force-indicating systems). These practices are not intended to be complete purchase specifications for testing machines. Testing machines may be verified by one of the three following methods or combination thereof:
1.1.1 Use of standard weights,
1.1.2 Use of equal-arm balances and standard weights, or
1.1.3 Use of elastic calibration devices.
Note 1—These practices do not cover the verification of all types of testing machines designed to measure forces, for example, the constant-rate-of-loading type which operates on the inclined-plane principle. This type of machine may be verified as directed in the applicable appendix of Specification D 76.
1.2 The procedures of 1.1.1-1.1.3 apply to the verification of the force-indicating systems associated with the testing machine, such as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder chart, digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user must designate the force-indicating system(s) to be verified and included in the report.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Since conversion factors are not required in this practice, either inch-pound units, SI units, or metric values can be used as the standard.
1.4 Forces indicated on displays/printouts of testing machine data systems—be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or retransmitted—which are verified with provisions of 1.1.1, 1.1.2, or 1.1.3, and are within the ±1 % accuracy requirement, comply with Practices E 4.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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American Association State
Designation: E4 – 09 Highway and Transportation Officials Standards
AASHTO No: T67
Standard Practices for
1
Force Verification of Testing Machines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E4; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 These practices cover procedures for the force verifica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tion, by means of standard calibration devices, of tension or
compression, or both, static or quasi-static testing machines
2. Referenced Documents
(which may, or may not, have force-indicating systems).These
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
practices are not intended to be complete purchase specifica-
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
tionsfortestingmachines.Testingmachinesmaybeverifiedby
E74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instru-
one of the three following methods or combination thereof:
ments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Ma-
1.1.1 Use of standard weights,
chines
1.1.2 Use of equal-arm balances and standard weights, or
E467 Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dy-
1.1.3 Use of elastic calibration devices.
namic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
NOTE 1—These practices do not cover the verification of all types of
testing machines designed to measure forces, for example, the constant-
3. Terminology
rate-of-loading type which operates on the inclined-plane principle. This
3.1 Definitions:
type of machine may be verified as directed in the applicable appendix of
3.1.1 testing machine (force-measuring type)—a mechani-
Specification D76.
cal device for applying a force to a specimen.
1.2 Theproceduresof1.1.1-1.1.3applytotheverificationof
3.1.1.1 portable testing machine (force-measuring type)—a
the force-indicating systems associated with the testing ma-
device specifically designed to be moved from place to place
chine,suchasascale,dial,markedorunmarkedrecorderchart,
and for applying a force (load) to a specimen.
digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user must
3.1.2 force—in the case of testing machines, a force mea-
designate the force-indicating system(s) to be verified and
sured in units such as pound-force, newton, or kilogram-force.
included in the report.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The pound-force is that force which
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
acting on a 1-lb mass will give to it an acceleration of 32.1740
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
2 2
ft/s (9.80665 m/s ). The newton is that force which acting on
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
2
a 1-kg mass will give to it an acceleration of 1 m/s .
and are not considered standard.
3.1.3 accuracy—the specified permissible variation from
1.3.1 Since conversion factors are not required in this
the reference value.
practice, either inch-pound units, SI units, or metric values can
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Atestingmachineissaidtobeaccurate
be used as the standard.
if the indicated force is within the specified permissible
1.4 Forces indicated on displays/printouts of testing ma-
variation from the actual force. In these methods the word
chine data systems—be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or
“accurate” applied to a testing machine is used without
retransmitted—which are verified with provisions of 1.1.1,
numerical values, for example, “An accurate testing machine
1.1.2,or 1.1.3, and are within the 61 % accuracy requirement,
was used for the investigation.” The accuracy of a testing
comply with Practices E4.
machine should not be confused with sensitivity. For example,
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
a testing machine might be very sensitive; that is, it might
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
indicate quickly and definitely small changes in force, but
nevertheless, be very inaccurate. On the other hand, the
accuracy of the results is in general limited by the sensitivity.
1
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on
2
Calibration of Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
American Association State
Designation:E4–08 Designation:E4–09 Highway and Transportation Officials Standards
AASHTO No: T67
Standard Practices for
1
Force Verification of Testing Machines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 4; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These practices cover procedures for the force verification, by means of standard calibration devices, of tension or
compression, or both, static or quasi-static testing machines (which may, or may not, have force-indicating systems). These
practices are not intended to be complete purchase specifications for testing machines. Testing machines may be verified by one
of the three following methods or combination thereof:
1.1.1 Use of standard weights,
1.1.2 Use of equal-arm balances and standard weights, or
1.1.3 Use of elastic calibration devices.
NOTE 1—These practices do not cover the verification of all types of testing machines designed to measure forces, for example, the
constant-rate-of-loading type which operates on the inclined-plane principle. This type of machine may be verified as directed in the applicable appendix
of Specification D 76.
1.2 The procedures of 1.1.1-1.1.3 apply to the verification of the force-indicating systems associated with the testing machine,
such as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder chart, digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user must designate the
force-indicating system(s) to be verified and included in the report.
1.3Since conversion factors are not required in this practice, either inch-pound units, SI units, or metric values can be used as
the standard.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Since conversion factors are not required in this practice, either inch-pound units, SI units, or metric values can be used
as the standard.
1.4 Forces indicated on displays/printouts of testing machine data systems—be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or
retransmitted—which are verified with provisions of 1.1.1, 1.1.2, or 1.1.3, and are within the 61 % accuracy requirement, comply
with Practices E 4.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
E74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
E 467 Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dynamic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 testing machine (force-measuring type)— a mechanical device for applying a force to a specimen.
3.1.1.1 portable testing machine (force-measuring type)—a device specifically designed to be moved from place to place and
for applying a force (load) to a specimen.
1
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on Calibration of
Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus.
Current edition approved Dec.April 1, 2008.2009. Published JanuaryJune 2009. Originally approved in 1923. Last previous edition approved in 20072008 as
E4–07.E4–08.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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E4–09
3.1.2 force—in the case of testing machines, a force measured in units such as pound-force, newton, or kilogram-force.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The pound-force is that force which acting on a 1-lb mass will give to it an acceleration of 9.80665
2
2 (9.80665 m/s
m
...
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