ASTM E1012-19
(Practice)Standard Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application
Standard Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It has been shown that bending stresses that inadvertently occur due to misalignment between the applied force and the specimen axes during the application of tensile and compressive forces can affect the test results. In recognition of this effect, some test methods include a statement limiting the misalignment that is permitted. The purpose of this practice is to provide a reference for test methods and practices that require the application of tensile or compressive forces under conditions where alignment is important. The objective is to implement the use of common terminology and methods for verification of alignment of testing machines, associated components and test specimens.
4.2 Alignment verification intervals when required are specified in the methods or practices that require the alignment verification. Certain types of testing can provide an indication of the current alignment condition of a testing frame with each specimen tested. If a test method requires alignment verification, the frequency of the alignment verification should capture all the considerations that is, time interval, changes to the testing frame and when applicable, current indicators of the alignment condition through test results.
4.3 Whether or not to improve axiality should be a matter of negotiation between the interested parties.
SCOPE
1.1 Included in this practice are methods covering the determination of the amount of bending that occurs during the application of tensile and compressive forces to notched and unnotched test specimens during routine testing in the elastic range. These methods are particularly applicable to the force levels normally used for tension testing, compression testing, creep testing, and uniaxial fatigue testing. The principal objective of this practice is to assess the amount of bending exerted upon a test specimen by the ordinary components assembled into a materials testing machine, during routine tests.
1.2 This practice is valid for metallic and nonmetallic testing.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:E1012 −19
Standard Practice for
Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment
1
Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1012; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-
tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
1.1 Included in this practice are methods covering the
E466 Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant
determination of the amount of bending that occurs during the
Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
application of tensile and compressive forces to notched and
E606 Test Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
unnotched test specimens during routine testing in the elastic
E1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
range. These methods are particularly applicable to the force
levels normally used for tension testing, compression testing, 2.2 Other Documents:
creep testing, and uniaxial fatigue testing. The principal objec- VAMAS Guide 42 A Procedure for the Measurement of
tive of this practice is to assess the amount of bending exerted Machine Alignment in Axial Testing
upon a test specimen by the ordinary components assembled
into a materials testing machine, during routine tests. 3. Terminology
1.2 This practice is valid for metallic and nonmetallic
3.1 Definitions of Terms Common to Mechanical Testing:
testing.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice that are
common to mechanical testing of materials, see Terminology
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
E6.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 3.1.2 alignment, n—the condition of a testing machine that
influences the introduction of bending moments into a speci-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical men (or alignment transducer) during the application of tensile
or compressive forces.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.3 eccentricity [L], n—the distance between the line of
2. Referenced Documents
action of the applied force and the axis of symmetry of the
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
specimen in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
the specimen.
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
3.1.4 reduced parallel section A [L], n—the central portion
terials
of the specimen that has a nominally uniform cross section,
E9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Mate-
with an optional small taper toward the center, that is smaller
rials at Room Temperature
than that of the ends that are gripped, not including the fillets.
E21 TestMethodsforElevatedTemperatureTensionTestsof
Metallic Materials 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten- 3.2.1 axial strain, a, n—the average of the longitudinal
someter Systems
strains measured by strain gages at the surface on opposite
sides of the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the alignment
transducer by multiple strain-sensing devices located at the
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical
same longitudinal position.
Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on Calibration of
Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Thisdefinitionisonlyapplicabletothis
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2019. Published March 2020. Originally
standard. The term is used in other contexts elsewhere in
ε1
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E1012 – 14 . DOI:
mechanical testing.
10.1520/E1012-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2.2 bending strain, b, n—the difference between the strain
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
at the surface and the axial strain (see Fig. 1).
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 3.2.2.1 Discussion—in general, the bending strain varies
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. U
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E1012 − 14 E1012 − 19
Standard Practice for
Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment
1
Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1012; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—10.5.2 was editorially corrected in May 2018.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 Included in this practice are methods covering the determination of the amount of bending that occurs during the application
of tensile and compressive forces to notched and unnotched test specimens during routine testing in the elastic range. These
methods are particularly applicable to the force levels normally used for tension testing, compression testing, creep testing, and
uniaxial fatigue testing. The principal objective of this practice is to assess the amount of bending exerted upon a test specimen
by the ordinary components assembled into a materials testing machine, during routine tests.
1.2 This practice is valid for metallic and nonmetallic testing.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E8E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials [Metric] E0008_E0008M
E9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature
E21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems
E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
E466 Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
E606 Test Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
E1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
2.2 Other Documents:
VAMAS Guide 42 A Procedure for the Measurement of Machine Alignment in Axial Testing
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Common to Mechanical Testing:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice that are common to mechanical testing of materials, see Terminology E6.
3.1.2 alignment, n—the condition of a testing machine that influences the introduction of bending moments into a specimen (or
alignment transducer) during the application of tensile or compressive forces.
3.1.3 eccentricity [L], n—the distance between the line of action of the applied force and the axis of symmetry of the specimen
in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the specimen.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on Calibration of
Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus.
Current edition approved July 1, 2014Dec. 15, 2019. Published August 2014March 2020. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20122014 as
ε1
E1012 – 12E1012 – 14 . DOI: 10.1520/E1012-14E01.10.1520/E1012-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1012 − 19
3.1.4 reduced parallel section A [L], n—section in the central portion of the specimen whichthat has a cross section smaller than
the gripped ends.nominally uniform cross section, with an optional small taper toward the center, that is smaller than that of the
ends that are gripped, not including the fillets.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 axial strain, a, n—the average of the longitudinal strains measured by strain gages at the surface on opposite sides of the
longitudinal axis of symmetry
...
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