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ASTM D1435-20

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics

Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tests conducted in accordance with this practice are used to evaluate the stability of plastic materials when they are exposed outdoors. The relative durability of plastics in outdoor use can be very different depending on the location of the exposure because of differences in ultraviolet (UV) radiation, time of wetness, temperature, pollutants, and other factors. It cannot be assumed, therefore, that results from one exposure in a single location will be useful for determining relative durability in a different location. Exposures in several locations with different climates that represent a broad range of anticipated service conditions are recommended.  
4.1.1 Because of year-to-year climatological variations, results from a single exposure test cannot be used to predict the absolute rate at which a material degrades. Several years of repeat exposures are needed to get an average test result for a given location.  
4.2 The results of short-term exposure tests can provide an indication of relative outdoor performance, but it is recommended they not be used to predict the absolute long-term performance of a material. The results of tests conducted for less than twelve months will depend on the particular season of the year in which they begin.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to cover procedures for the exposure of plastic materials to weather.  
Note 1: See Practice G24 for aging under glass.  
1.2 This practice is limited to the method by which the material is to be exposed and the general procedure to be followed. It is intended for use with finished articles of commerce as well as with all sizes and shapes of test specimens.  
1.3 Means of evaluation of the effects of weathering will depend on the intended use for the test material.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: This standard and ISO 877.2-2009, Method A, are technically equivalent.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
14-Sep-2020
ICS
83.080.01 - Plastics in general
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.50 - Durability of Plastics
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1435 − 20
Standard Practice for
1
Outdoor Weathering of Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1435; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* E772 Terminology of Solar Energy Conversion
G7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Test-
1.1 This practice is intended to cover procedures for the
ing of Nonmetallic Materials
exposure of plastic materials to weather.
G24 Practice for Conducting Exposures to Daylight Filtered
NOTE 1—See Practice G24 for aging under glass.
Through Glass
G113 Terminology Relating to Natural andArtificial Weath-
1.2 This practice is limited to the method by which the
material is to be exposed and the general procedure to be ering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials
G141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testing
followed. It is intended for use with finished articles of
commerce as well as with all sizes and shapes of test of Nonmetallic Materials
G147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetal-
specimens.
lic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests
1.3 Means of evaluation of the effects of weathering will
2.2 ISO Standard:
depend on the intended use for the test material.
ISO 877.2-2009 Plastics—Methods of exposure to solar
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
radiation—Part 2: Direct weathering and exposure behind
standard.
3
glass
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of technical terms pertain-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ing to plastics used in this practice, see Terminologies D883,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D1600, G113, and E772.
NOTE 2—This standard and ISO 877.2-2009, MethodA, are technically
equivalent.
4. Significance and Use
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.1 Tests conducted in accordance with this practice are
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
used to evaluate the stability of plastic materials when they are
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
exposed outdoors.The relative durability of plastics in outdoor
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
use can be very different depending on the location of the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
exposure because of differences in ultraviolet (UV) radiation,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
time of wetness, temperature, pollutants, and other factors. It
cannot be assumed, therefore, that results from one exposure in
2. Referenced Documents
a single location will be useful for determining relative
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
durabilityinadifferentlocation.Exposuresinseverallocations
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
with different climates that represent a broad range of antici-
D1600 Terminology forAbbreviatedTerms Relating to Plas-
pated service conditions are recommended.
tics
4.1.1 Because of year-to-year climatological variations, re-
sults from a single exposure test cannot be used to predict the
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and
absolute rate at which a material degrades. Several years of
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.50 on Durability of Plastics.
repeat exposures are needed to get an average test result for a
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2020. Published October 2020. Originally
given location.
approved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D1435 - 13. DOI:
10.1520/D1435-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1435 − 20
4.2 The results of short-te
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1435 − 13 D1435 − 20
Standard Practice for
1
Outdoor Weathering of Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1435; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice is intended to cover procedures for the exposure of plastic materials to weather.
NOTE 1—See Practice G24 for aging under glass.
1.2 This practice is limited to the method by which the material is to be exposed and the general procedure to be followed. It is
intended for use with finished articles of commerce as well as with all sizes and shapes of test specimens.
1.3 Means of evaluation of the effects of weathering will depend on the intended use for the test material.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 2—This standard and ISO 877.2-2009, Method A, are technically equivalent.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics
E772 Terminology of Solar Energy Conversion
G7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Testing of Nonmetallic Materials
G24 Practice for Conducting Exposures to Daylight Filtered Through Glass
G113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials
G141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testing of Nonmetallic Materials
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.50 on Durability of Plastics.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013Sept. 15, 2020. Published July 2013October 2020. Originally approved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 20052013 as
D1435 - 05.D1435 - 13. DOI: 10.1520/D1435-13.10.1520/D1435-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1435 − 20
G147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetallic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests
2.2 ISO Standard:
3
ISO 877.2-2009 Plastics—Methods of exposure to solar radiation—Part 2: Direct weathering and exposure behind glass
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of technical terms pertaining to plastics used in this practice, see Terminologies D883, D1600,
G113, and E772.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Tests conducted in accordance with this practice are used to evaluate the stability of plastic materials when they are exposed
outdoors. The relative durability of plastics in outdoor use can be very different depending on the location of the exposure because
of differences in ultraviolet (UV) radiation, time of wetness, temperature, pollutants, and other factors. It cannot be assumed,
therefore, that results from one exposure in a single location will be useful for determining relative durability in a different location.
Exposures in several locations with different climates that represent a broad range of anticipated service conditions are
recommended.
4.1.1 Because of year-to-year climatological variations, results from a single exposure test cannot be used to predict the absolute
rate at which a material degrades. Several years of repeat exposures are needed to get an average tes
...

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanical properties of unreinforced and reinforced rigid plastics, including high-modulus composites, when loaded in compression at relatively low uniform rates of straining or loading. Test specimens of standard shape are employed. This procedure is applicable for a composite modulus up to and including 41,370 MPa (6,000,000 psi).  
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SCOPE
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5.1 Dirt, paper and mixtures of polymeric materials complicate the interpretation of data from procedures used to identify the contaminants in recycled plastics.
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1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms used in the plastics industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 When a term is used in an ASTM document for which Committee D20 is responsible it is included only when judged, after review, by Subcommittee D20.92 to be a generally usable term.  
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Standard Test Methods for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness and Strain Energy Release Rate of Plastic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The property KIc  (GIc) determined by these test methods characterizes the resistance of a material to fracture in a neutral environment in the presence of a sharp crack under severe tensile constraint, such that the state of stress near the crack front approaches plane strain, and the crack-tip plastic (or non-linear viscoelastic) region is small compared with the crack size and specimen dimensions in the constraint direction. A KIc value is believed to represent a lower limiting value of fracture toughness. This value has been used to estimate the relation between failure stress and defect size for a material in service wherein the conditions of high constraint described above would be expected. Background information concerning the basis for development of these test methods in terms of linear elastic fracture mechanics can be found in Refs  (1-5).3  
5.1.1 The KIc (GIc) value of a given material is a function of testing speed and temperature. Furthermore, cyclic loads have been found to cause crack extension at K values less than KIc (GIc). Crack extension under cyclic or sustained load will be increased by the presence of an aggressive environment. Therefore, application of KIc (GIc) in the design of service components should be made considering differences that may exist between laboratory tests and field conditions.  
5.1.2 Plane-strain fracture toughness testing is unusual in that sometimes there is no advance assurance that a valid KIc (GIc) will be determined in a particular test. Therefore it is essential that all of the criteria concerning validity of results be carefully considered as described herein.  
5.1.3 Clearly, it will not be possible to determine KIc (GIc) if any dimension of the available stock of a material is insufficient to provide a specimen of the required size.  
5.2 Inasmuch as the fracture toughness of plastics is often dependent on specimen process history, that is, injection molded, extruded, compression molded, etc., the spe...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are designed to characterize the toughness of plastics in terms of the critical-stress-intensity factor, KIc, and the energy per unit area of crack surface or critical strain energy release rate, GIc, at fracture initiation.  
1.2 Two testing geometries are covered by these test methods, single-edge-notch bending (SENB) and compact tension (CT).  
1.3 The scheme used assumes linear elastic behavior of the cracked specimen, so certain restrictions on linearity of the load-displacement diagram are imposed.  
1.4 A state-of-plane strain at the crack tip is required. Specimen thickness must be sufficient to ensure this stress state.  
1.5 The crack must be sufficiently sharp to ensure that a minimum value of toughness is obtained.  
1.6 The significance of these test methods and many conditions of testing are identical to those of Test Method E399, and, therefore, in most cases, appear here with many similarities to the metals standard. However, certain conditions and specifications not covered in Test Method E399, but important for plastics, are included.  
1.7 This protocol covers the determination of GIc as well, which is of particular importance for plastics.  
1.8 These test methods give general information concerning the requirements for KIc and GIc testing. As with Test Method E399, two annexes are provided which give the specific requirements for testing of the SENB and CT geometries.  
1.9 Test data obtained by these test methods are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 13586 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical con...

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ASTM
ASTM D542-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Index of Refraction of Transparent Organic Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method measures a fundamental property of matter which is useful for the control of purity and composition for simple identification purposes, and for optical parts design. This test method is capable of readability to four figures to the right of the decimal point.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the index of refraction of transparent organic plastic materials.  
1.2 A refractometer method is presented. This procedure will satisfactorily cover the range of refractive indices found for such materials. Refractive index measurements require optically homogeneous specimens of uniform refractive index.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 489 are technically equivalent.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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