ASTM D5891/D5891M-19

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D5891/D5891M − 02 (Reapproved 2016) D5891/D5891M − 19
Standard Test Method for
Fluid Loss of Clay Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5891/D5891M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Designation was changed to dual, units statement in 1.4 and units, where applicable, were corrected editorially
in January 2016.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers an index method that enables the evaluation of fluid loss properties of a clay mineral film deposited
on a filter paper from a 6 % solids slurry of clay mineral at 100-psi (-kPa)(kPa) pressure as a measure of its usefulness for
permeability or hydraulic conductivity reduction in geosynthetic clay liners (GCL). This test method is not applicable for clays
with polymers.
1.2 This test method is adapted from American Petroleum Institute drilling fluid specifications for bentonite.
1.3 Powdered clay mineral is tested as produced; granular clay mineral should be ground to 100 % passing a 100 mesh U.S.
Standard Sieve with a minimum of 65 % passing a 200 mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with the whole ground product used for testing.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E725 Test Method for Sampling Granular Carriers and Granular Pesticides
2.2 API Standards:Standard:
API RP 131,131 Recommended Practice for Laboratory Testing of Drilling Fluids
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to API Standards and ASTM definitions for GCL
products.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Clay mineral is the functional component of GCL that reduces the hydraulic conductivity of industrial waste or ground water
through the liner.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosynthetic Clay
Liners.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016Aug. 1, 2019. Published January 2016August 2019. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20092016 as
ɛ1
D5891D5891/D5891M – 02(2009). 02 (2016) . DOI: 10.1520/D5891_D5891M-02R16E01.10.1520/D5891_D5891M-19.
When bentonite is removed from a GCL product for testing, it may include adhesives that can influence test results.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070, http://www.api.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5891/D5891M − 19
4.2 Clay mineral quality can vary significantly and effectaffect the hydraulic conductivity of the GCL composite. This test
method evaluates a significant property of clay mineral that relates to performance.
5. Atmosphere Conditions
5.1 Atmospheric Conditions—The atmospheric conditions of the laboratory performing fluid loss of clay mineral component of
geosynthetic clay liners shall be: relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of 21 6 2 °C [70 6 4 °F].
6. Apparatus
6.1 Laboratory Balance, 100 g 100-g capacity, 60.01-g accuracy and precision.
6.2 Weighing Paper, or small weighing dish.
6.3 Graduated Cylinder, 500 6 5-mL graduated TD (to deliver) with 10-mL subdivisions, Class A volumetrically calibrated;
10 6 0.1-mL graduated cylinder, graduated TC (to contain) with 0.1-mL subdivisions.
6.4 U.S. Standard Sieve, 100 mesh, 200 mesh, and automated sieve shaker.
6.5 Mortar and Pestle or Laboratory Hammer Mill, for grinding clay mineral to required particle sizing.
6.6 ASTM Calibration Immersion Thermometer, 0 to 105 6 0.5°C0.5 °C (see Specification E1).
6.7 Mixer—11 000 6 300 rpm under load with single sine-wave impeller approximately 25 mm [1.0 in.] in diameter (mounted
flash side up). The impeller shall be replaced when it weighs a minimum of 5.1 g, from an original weightmass of about 5.5 g.
New blades will be weighed prior to installation in order to ensure conformance to manufacturing criteria. Mixer speed under
sample loading shall be determined and documented once every 90 days unless the manufacturer has documented objective
evidence to extend calibration time.
NOTE 1—Sterling Multimixer Model 9B with 9B29X impeller blades or equivalent may be obtained from the suppliers given in Footnote 6.
6.8 Mixing Container—Approximate dimensions are 180 mm [7 in.] deep, 97-mm [3 ⁄16-in.] inner diameter at top, and 70-mm
[2 ⁄4-in.] inner diameter at bottom.
NOTE 2—Mixing containers or equivalent may be obtained from the suppliers given in Footnote 5.
6.9 Timers, 30 min, two interval, mechanical or electrical, precision 60.1 min.
6.10 Spatula, flat blade, to dislodge clay mineral clumps adhering to the mixing container walls.
6.11 Covered or Sealed Container, of 400- to 600-mL capacity.
6.12 Ambient Temperature/Low-Pressure Filter Press, conforming to API RP 131, Section 3.2. This filter press consists mainly
of a cylindrical cell having an inside diameter of 76.2 mm [3 in.] and a height of at least 64.0 mm [2.5 in.]. This chamber is made
of materials resistant to strongly alkaline solutions, and is so fitted that a pressure medium can be conveniently admitted into and
bled from the top. Arrangement is also such that a sheet of 90-mm filter paper can be placed in the bottom of the chamber just
2 2
above a suitable support. The filtration area is 4580 6 60 mm [7.1 6 0.1 inin. ]. Below the support is a drain tube for discharging
the filtrate into a graduated cylinder. Sealing is accomplished with gaskets, and the entire assembly supported by a stand. A
mini-press or half-area press does not directly correlate with the results obtained when using the above described standard-sized
press. Pressure can be applied with any nonhazardous fluid medium, either gas or liquid. Presses are equipped with pressure
regulators and can be obtained with portable pressure cylinders, midget pressure cartridges, or means of utilizing hydraulic
pressure.
NOTE 3—Ambient temperature/low-pressure filter press conforming to API RP 131, Section 3.2, or equivalent, may be obtained from the suppliers
given in Footnote 6.
6.13 Filter Paper, 90-mm, 90 mm, very dense, hardened with smooth lint-free surface, smooth, lint-free surface; either Whatman
No. 50, S & S No. 576, or Fann Filter Part No. 206051 must be used. These papers have high wet str
...