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ASTM G187-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box Method

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The resistivity of the surrounding soil environment is a factor in the corrosion of underground structures. High resistivity soils are generally not as corrosive as low resistivity soils. The resistivity of the soil is one of many factors that influence the service life of a buried structure. Soil resistivity may affect the material selection and the location of a structure.5  
Soil resistivity is of particular importance and interest in the corrosion process because it is basic in the analysis of corrosion problems and the design of corrective measures.
The test method is focused to provide an accurate, expeditious measurement of soil resistivity to assist in the determination of a soil’s corrosive nature. Test Method G 57 emphasizes an in situ measurement commonly utilized in the design of a buried structures’ corrosion control (cathodic protection systems’ ground bed design, and so forth). The two-electrode soil box method often compliments the four-pin, in situ soil resistivity method.
The saturated soil resistivity determined by this test method does not necessarily indicate the minimum soil resistivity
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and a procedure for the measurement of soil resistivity, for samples removed from the ground, for use in the control of corrosion of buried structures.
1.2 Procedures allow for this test method to be used n the field or in the laboratory.
1.3 The test method procedures are for the resistivity measurement of soil samples in the saturated condition and in the as-received condition.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Soil resistivity values are reported in ohm-centimeter.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2005
ICS
13.080.99 - Other standards related to soil quality
Technical Committee
G01 - Corrosion of Metals
Drafting Committee
G01.10 - Corrosion in Soils
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM G187-12 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box Method
Effective Date
01-May-2012
Referred By
ASTM G200-20 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) of Soil
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM G218-19 - Standard Guide for External Corrosion Protection of Ductile Iron Pipe Utilizing Polyethylene Encasement Supplemented by Cathodic Protection
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM G57-20 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Wenner Four-Electrode Method
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM D7765-18a - Standard Practice for Use of Foundry Sand in Structural Fill and Embankments
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM G162-18 - Standard Practice for Conducting and Evaluating Laboratory Corrosion Tests in Soils
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005

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ASTM G187-05 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box MethodASTM G187-05 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box Method
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ASTM G187-05 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box Method
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:G187–05
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode
1
Soil Box Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G187; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and a procedure 3.1 Definitions:
for the measurement of soil resistivity, for samples removed 3.1.1 Ohm’s law—The relationship between the electromo-
from the ground, for use in the control of corrosion of buried tive force, the current, and the resistance. Mathematically:
structures. current = electromotive force/resistance or I = E/R; where “I”
1.2 Procedures allow for this test method to be used n the is measured in amperes, “E” in volts, and “R” in ohms.
field or in the laboratory. 3.1.2 Resistivity (soil)—The electrical resistance between
1.3 The test method procedures are for the resistivity opposite faces of a unit cube of material; the reciprocal of
measurement of soil samples in the saturated condition and in conductivity.
the as-received condition. 3.1.3 Saturated soil—soil whose entire soil porosity is filled
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the with water.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information 3.1.4 Soil box factor—A factor which is determined by a
only. Soil resistivity values are reported in ohm-centimeter. two-electrode soil box’s internal dimensions (cross sectional
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the area/distance between electrode plates). The soil box factor is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the multiplied by the measured resistance of a substance in the soil
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- box to obtain that substance’s resistivity.
priate safety and health practices and to determine the 3.1.5 Soil resistance meter—An instrument capable of mea-
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. suring soil resistance.
3.1.6 Two-electrode soil box—A non-conductive container
2. Referenced Documents
of known internal dimensions with two end plate electrodes for
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: measuring a substance’s resistivity.
G15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion
3.2 The terminology used herein, if not specifically defined
Testing otherwise, shall be in accordance with Terminology G15.
G57 Test Method for Field Measurement of Soil Resistivity
Definitions provided herein and not given in Terminology G15
Using the Wenner Four-Electrode Method are limited only to this standard.
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
4. Summary of Test Method
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method 4.1 The two-electrode soil box method is predicated on
3
2.2 AISI Specifications: measuring the resistance between two opposite faces of a box
AISI Designation Type 304 containing a substance or solution. That resistance measure-
AISI Designation Type 316 ment through the substance being tested is then converted to
resistivity based on the conversion formula of Eq 1.
4.2 A voltage is impressed between the two opposite face
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on
electrodes, causing current to flow, and the voltage drop
Corrosion of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.10 on
between them is measured. Ohm’s law reveals the resistance.
Corrosion in Soils.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published November 2005. DOI:
The resistivity, ρ, is then:
10.1520/G0187-05.
2
r ~ohm2cm! 5 AR/d (1)
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
where:
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
2
the ASTM website.
A = cross-sectional area, cm ,
3
Available from American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 1140 Connecticut
R = resistance, ohms, and
Ave., Suite 705, Washington, DC 20036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G187–05
lent, which utilize a low voltage 97 Hz square wave current).
d = distance between electrodes, cm.
They offer convenience, ease of use, and repeatability. Soil
4
5. Significance and Use resistance meters yield direct readings in ohms, which are
multiplied by the appropriate factor for the specific two-
5.1 The resistivity of the surrounding soil environment is a
electrodesoilbox.Themeterutilizedmaylimittheuppe
...

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ASTM
ASTM E3242-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Determination of Representative Sediment Background Concentrations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Intended Use: This guide may be used by various parties involved in sediment corrective action programs, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, risk assessors, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, and other stakeholders.  
4.2 Related ASTM Standards: This guide is related to Guide E3164, which addresses corrective action monitoring before, during, and after sediment remediation activities; as well as Guide E3163, concerning sediment analytical techniques used during sediment programs.  
4.3 Use of Representative Background to Set a Boundary: Representative background concentrations for sediments can be used to delineate a sediment corrective action, establishing the boundary of the sediment corrective action by distinguishing site-related impacts from representative background concentrations.  
4.4 Use of Representative Background to Establish Cleanup Levels: Representative background concentrations for sediments can also be used to establish cleanup levels for use in sediment corrective actions. In cases where risk-based sediment cleanup levels are below representative background concentrations, background concentrations are typically used as the cleanup level. This ensures that the cleanup levels are sustainable. Any recontamination from ongoing sources will eventually result in surface sediment concentrations greater than the risk-based cleanup level, but the surface sediment should still meet a cleanup level based on representative background concentrations, even after recontamination.  
4.5 Use of Representative Background in Risk Assessments: Representative background concentrations can be used in the risk assessment process (including human and ecological risk assessments) to understand risks posed by background levels of contaminants to human health and the environment, and the incremental risks posed by site-related releases and/or activities that result in sediment concentrat...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide focuses on the approach for determination of representative sediment background concentrations used for remedial actions performed under various regulatory programs, including the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Although many of the references cited in this guide are CERCLA oriented, the guide is applicable to remedial actions performed under local, state, federal, and international cleanup programs. However, the guide does not describe requirements for each jurisdiction. The requirements for the regulatory entity under which the cleanup is performed should be reviewed to confirm compliance.  
1.2 This guide provides a framework, including specific statistical and geochemical considerations, as well as case studies, demonstrating the approach to determine representative sediment background concentrations. This guide is intended to inform, complement, and support, but not supersede, local, state, federal, or international regulations.  
1.2.1 This guide does not address methods and means of data collection (Guide E3163, Guide E3164.)  
1.2.2 This guide is designed to apply to contaminated sediment sites where sediment data have been collected and are readily available. Additionally, this guide assumes that risk assessments have been performed, so that the contaminants/chemicals of interest that exceed risk-based thresholds have been identified.  
1.2.3 Furthermore, this guide presumes that risk-based thresholds identified are low enough to pose corrective action implementation challenges, and/or the site is subject to recontamination from ongoing anthropogenic and/or natural sources that are not controlled. In both cases, representative sediment background concentrations will be useful for determining the extent of corrective remedial actions (when used as remedial goals), evaluating risks posed by representative background concentrations, and establishing...

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ASTM
ASTM D8151-19e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Obtaining Rainfall Runoff from Unvegetated Rolled and Hydraulic Erosion Control Products (RECPs and HECPs) for Acute Ecotoxicity Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A large number of erosion control product manufacturers produce a variety of RECPs and HECPs that are designed to be applied to any land surface to stabilize soils and prevent erosion. Many of these products are engineered to absorb moisture and remain in place even under extreme rainfall events and are composed of substances that could go into solution with runoff. Based on the characteristics of these products and their intended and actual use in the environment, the most likely scenario through which aquatic organisms would be exposed to these products or their soluble components is through storm water runoff. Further, because such runoff events typically last for minutes to hours rather than days, use of acute (48 h) toxicity testing methodology is appropriate to model expected environment exposures.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes the guidelines, requirements, and procedures for obtaining rainfall runoff of unvegetated rolled and hydraulic erosion control products (RECPs and HECPs) during bench-scale conditions from simulated rainfall to be sent out for acute ecotoxicity testing.  
1.2 This practice obtains unvegetated erosion control product (ECP) runoff from rainsplash-induced erosion under bench-scale conditions using bench-scale collection procedures.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Dev...

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ASTM
ASTM D6276-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Using pH to Estimate the Soil-Lime Proportion Requirement for Soil Stabilization

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The soil-lime pH test is performed as a test to indicate the soil-lime proportion needed to maintain the elevated pH necessary for sustaining the reactions required to stabilize a soil. The test derives from Eades and Grim.4  
5.2 Performance tests are normally conducted in a laboratory to verify the results of this test method.  
5.3 This test method will not provide reliable information relative to the potential reactivity of a particular soil, nor will it provide information on the magnitude of increased strength to be realized upon treatment of this soil with the indicated percentage of lime.  
5.4 This test method can be used to estimate the percentage of lime as hydrated lime or quicklime needed to produce a lime stabilized soil. Common candidate soils contain clay minerals and have a Plasticity Index ≥10.  
5.5 Agricultural lime (crushed limestone) will not stabilize soil.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a means for estimating the soil-lime proportion requirement for stabilization of a soil. This test method is performed on soil passing the 425μm (No. 40) sieve. The optimum soil-lime proportion for soil stabilization is determined by tests of specific characteristics of stabilized soil such as unconfined compressive strength or plasticity index.  
1.2 Some highly alkaline by-products (lime kiln dust, cement kiln dust, carbide lime, and so forth) have been successfully used to stabilize soil. This test method is not intended for these materials and any such product would need to be tested for specific characteristics as indicated in 1.1.  
1.3 This test method is used to determine the percentage of lime that results in a soil-lime pH of approximately 12.4.
Note 1: Under ideal laboratory conditions of 25°C and sea level elevation, the pH of the lime-soil-water solution should be 12.4.  
1.4 Lime is not an effective stabilizing agent for all soils. Some soil components such as sulfates, phosphates, organics, and iron can adversely affect soil-lime reactions and may produce erroneous results using this test method.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/ recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis for engineering data.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on st...

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