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ASTM E1386-00(2005)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction

Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is useful for preparing extracts from fire debris for later analysis by gas chromatography, GC/MS, or GC/IR.
This is a very sensitive separation procedure, capable of isolating quantities smaller than 1 μL of ignitable liquid residue from a sample.
This practice is particularly useful when the potential for fractionation during separation must be reduced, as when attempting to distinguish between various grades of fuel oil.
This practice is particularly useful for the extraction of nonporous surfaces such as glass, or the interior of burned containers. It is also particularly well suited to the extraction of materials from very small samples.
This practice can be hampered by coincident extraction of interfering compounds present in the fire debris samples.
This practice may not be useful for the extraction of some Class 0 and Class 1 ignitable liquids, which may evaporate during the concentration step.
This is a destructive technique. Whenever possible, this technique should only be used when a representative portion of the sample can be reserved for reanalysis. Those portions of the sample subjected to this procedure may not be suitable for resampling. Consider using passive headspace concentration as described in Practice E 1412.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for removing small quantities of flammable or combustible liquid residue from samples of fire debris using solvent to extract the residue.
1.2 This practice is suitable for successfully extracting flammable or combustible liquid residues over the entire range of concentrations.
1.3 Alternate separation and concentration procedures are listed in Test Method E1387.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Note 1.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2005
ICS
71.040.40 - Chemical analysis
Technical Committee
E30 - Forensic Sciences
Drafting Committee
E30.01 - Criminalistics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1386-00 - Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Replaced By
ASTM E1386-09 - Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM E2154-15a - Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Passive Headspace Concentration with Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) (Withdrawn 2024)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1412-19 - Standard Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Passive Headspace Concentration with Activated Charcoal
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1618-19 - Standard Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Referred By
ASTM E2881-18 - Standard Test Method for Extraction and Derivatization of Vegetable Oils and Fats from Fire Debris and Liquid Samples with Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Referred By
ASTM E2451-21 - Standard Practice for Preserving Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residue Extracts from Fire Debris Samples
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1388-17 - Standard Practice for Static Headspace Sampling of Vapors from Fire Debris Samples
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Referred By
ASTM E2997-16 - Standard Test Method for Analysis of Biodiesel Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Referred By
ASTM E3245-20e1 - Standard Guide for Systematic Approach to the Extraction, Analysis, and Classification of Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residues in Fire Debris Samples
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005

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ASTM E1386-00(2005) - Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent ExtractionASTM E1386-00(2005) - Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction
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ASTM E1386-00(2005) - Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:E1386–00 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Practice for
Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues
from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1386; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1618 Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Ex-
tracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for removing small
Mass Spectrometry
quantities of flammable or combustible liquid residue from
samples of fire debris using solvent to extract the residue.
3. Summary of Practice
1.2 This practice is suitable for successfully extracting
3.1 A sample of fire debris is extracted with an organic
flammable or combustible liquid residues over the entire range
solvent. The extract is filtered and concentrated using dry
of concentrations.
nitrogen, filtered air, or inert gas.
1.3 Alternate separation and concentration procedures are
listed in Test Method E1387.
4. Significance and Use
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 This practice is useful for preparing extracts from fire
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
debris for later analysis by gas chromatography, GC/MS, or
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
GC/IR.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.2 This is a very sensitive separation procedure, capable of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
isolatingquantitiessmallerthan1µLofignitableliquidresidue
hazard statement, see Note 1.
from a sample.
2. Referenced Documents 4.3 Thispracticeisparticularlyusefulwhenthepotentialfor
2 fractionation during separation must be reduced, as when
2.1 ASTM Standards:
attempting to distinguish between various grades of fuel oil.
E752 Practice for Safety and Health Requirements Relating
4.4 This practice is particularly useful for the extraction of
to Occupational Exposure to Carbon Disulfide
nonporous surfaces such as glass, or the interior of burned
E1387 Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Ex-
containers. It is also particularly well suited to the extraction of
tracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography
materials from very small samples.
E1412 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues
4.5 This practice can be hampered by coincident extraction
from Fire Debris Samples by Passive Headspace Concen-
of interfering compounds present in the fire debris samples.
tration With Activated Charcoal
4.6 This practice may not be useful for the extraction of
E1459 Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related
some Class 0 and Class 1 ignitable liquids, which may
Documentation
evaporate during the concentration step.
E1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and
4.7 This is a destructive technique. Whenever possible, this
Retrieving Evidence in a Forensic Science Laboratory
technique should only be used when a representative portion of
thesamplecanbereservedforreanalysis.Thoseportionsofthe
sample subjected to this procedure may not be suitable for
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic
resampling.Considerusingpassiveheadspaceconcentrationas
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of E30.01 on Criminalistics.
described in Practice E1412.
Current edition approved April 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originally
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E1386–00. DOI:
5. Reagents and Materials
10.1520/E1386-00R05.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
used in all tests. It is intended that all reagents conform to the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1386–00 (2005)
American Chemical Society where such specific
...

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ASTM E2927-23(Test Method)
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5.1 This test method is useful for the determination of elemental concentrations in the range of approximately 0.1 µgg-1 to 10 percent (%) (See Table X1.1) in soda-lime glass samples (7 and 8). A standard test method can aid in the interchange of data between laboratories and in the creation and use of glass databases.  
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ASTM E1386-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful for preparing extracts from fire debris for subsequent analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (see Test Method E1618).  
4.2 This practice is useful to reduce potential fractionation during separation, such as when attempting to distinguish between various grades of fuel oil.  
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4.4 This practice lacks specificity to separate and isolate ignitable liquids from interfering compounds present in the fire debris.  
4.5 This practice is not suitable for the extraction of extremely volatile compounds and ignitable liquids (for example, acetone, butane, ethanol, propane, some cigarette lighter fluids), which could evaporate during the concentration step.  
4.6 This is a destructive technique. Whenever possible, this technique should only be used when a representative portion of the sample can be preserved for reanalysis. Those portions of the sample subjected to this procedure could be unsuitable for resampling. If sample spoliation is an issue, a nondestructive extraction technique (for example, Practices E1412, E2154) should be used prior to this technique.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for removing small quantities of ignitable liquid residue from samples of fire debris using solvent to extract the residue.  
1.2 This practice is suitable for extracting ignitable liquid residues over a wide range of concentrations.  
1.3 Alternate separation and concentration procedures are listed in the referenced documents (Practices E1388, E1412, E1413, E2154, and E3189).  
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1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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5.1 Chloride present in aviation turbine fuel can originate from refinery salt drier carryover or possibly from seawater contamination (for example, product transferred by barge). Elevated chloride levels have caused corrosive and abrasive wear of aircraft fuel control systems leading to engine failure.4
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Standard Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Titration techniques using KF reagent are one of the most widely used for the determination of water.  
4.2 Although the volumetric KF titration can determine low levels of water, it is generally accepted that coulometric KF titrations (see Test Method E1064) are more accurate for routine determination of very low levels of water. As a general rule, if samples routinely contain water concentrations of 500 mg/kg or less, the coulometric technique should be considered.  
4.3 Applications can be subdivided into two sections: (1) organic and inorganic compounds, in which water may be determined directly, and (2) compounds, in which water cannot be determined directly, but in which interferences may be eliminated by suitable chemical reactions or modifications of the procedure. Further discussion of interferences is included in Section 5 and Appendix X2.  
4.4 Water can be determined directly in the presence of the following types of compounds:    
Organic Compounds  
Acetals  
Ethers  
Acids (Note 1)  
Halides  
Acyl halides  
Hydrocarbons (saturated and unsaturated)  
Alcohols  
Ketones, stable (Note 4)  
Aldehydes, stable (Note 2)  
Nitriles  
Amides  
Orthoesters  
Amines, weak (Note 3)  
Peroxides (hydro, dialkyl)  
Anhydrides  
Sulfides  
Disulfides  
Thiocyanates  
Esters  
Thioesters  
Inorganic Compounds  
Acids (Note 5)  
Cupric oxide  
Acid oxides (Note 6)  
Desiccants  
Aluminum oxides  
Hydrazine sulfate  
Anhydrides  
Salts of organic and inorganic acids (Note 6)  
Barium dioxide  
Calcium carbonate  
Note 1: Some acids, such as formic, acetic, and adipic acid, are slowly esterified. When using pyridine-free reagents, commercially available buffer solutions can be added to the sample prior to titration. With formic acid, it may be necessary to use methanol-free solvents and titrants (1).4
Note 2: Examples of stable aldehydes are formaldehyde, sugars, chloral, etc. Formaldehyde polymers cont...
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5.2 Neutron activation analysis provides a rapid, highly sensitive, nondestructive procedure for antimony determination in a wide range of matrices. This test method is independent of the chemical form of the antimony.  
5.3 This test method can be used for quality and process control in the petrochemical and other manufacturing industries, and for research purposes in a broad spectrum of applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of antimony concentration in plastics or other hydrocarbon or organic matrix by using neutron activation analysis (NAA). The sample is activated by irradiation with neutrons from a research reactor and the subsequently emitted gamma-rays are detected with a germanium semiconductor detector. The same system may be used to determine antimony concentrations ranging from 1 ng/g to 10 000 μg/g with the lower end of the range limited by numerous interferences and the upper limit established by the demonstrated practical application of NAA.  
1.2 This test method may be used on either solid or liquid samples, provided that they can be made to conform in size and shape during irradiation and counting to a standard sample of known antimony content using very simple sample preparation. Several variants of this method have been described in the technical literature. A monograph is available which provides a comprehensive description of the principles of neutron activation analysis using reactor neutrons (1).2  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are given in Section 9.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2927-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Trace Elements in Soda-Lime Glass Samples Using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for Forensic Comparisons

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for the determination of elemental concentrations in the range of approximately 0.1 µgg-1 to 10 percent (%) (See Table X1.1) in soda-lime glass samples (7 and 8). A standard test method can aid in the interchange of data between laboratories and in the creation and use of glass databases.  
5.2 The determination of elemental concentrations in glass provides high discriminating value in the forensic comparison of glass fragments.  
5.3 This test method produces minimal destruction of the sample. Microscopic craters of 50 µm to 100 µm in diameter by 80 µm to 150 µm deep are left in the glass fragment after analysis. The mass removed per replicate is approximately 0.4 µg to 3 µg (6).  
5.4 Appropriate sampling techniques shall be used to account for natural heterogeneity of the materials at a microscopic scale.  
5.5 The precision, bias, and limits of detection of the method (for each element measured) shall be established during validation of the method. The measurement uncertainty of any concentration value used for a comparison shall be recorded with the concentration.  
5.6 Acid digestion of glass followed by either Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) or Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) can also be used for trace elemental analysis of glass, and offer similar detection levels and the ability for quantitative analysis. However, these methods are destructive, and require larger sample sizes and more sample preparation (Test Method E2330).  
5.7 Micro X-Ray Fluorescence (µ-XRF) uses comparable sample sizes to those used for LA-ICP-MS with the advantage of being non-destructive of the sample. Some of the drawbacks of µ-XRF include lower sensitivity and precision, and longer analysis time (Test Method E2926).  
5.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) is also available for elemental analysis, but it is of limited use for forensic glass source d...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the quantitative elemental analysis of the following seventeen elements: lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), zirconium (Zr), barium (Ba), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), neodymium (Nd), hafnium (Hf) and lead (Pb) through the use of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for the forensic comparison of glass fragments. The potential of these elements to provide the best discrimination among different sources of soda-lime glasses has been published elsewhere (1-5).2 Silicon (Si) is also monitored for use as a normalization standard. Additional elements may be added as needed, for example, tin (Sn) can be used to monitor the orientation of float glass fragments.  
1.2 The method only consumes approximately 0.4 µg to 3 µg of glass per replicate and is suitable for the analysis of full thickness samples as well as irregularly shaped fragments as small as 0.1 mm by 0.1 mm by 0.2 mm (6) in dimension. The concentrations of the elements listed above range from the low parts per million (µgg-1) to percent (%) levels in soda-lime glass, the most common type encountered in forensic cases. This standard method can be applied for the quantitative analysis of other glass types; however, some modifications in the reference standard glasses and the element menu may be required.  
1.3 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the respo...

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ASTM
ASTM D5808-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Chloride in Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals by Microcoulometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Organic as well as inorganic chlorine compounds can prove harmful to equipment and reactions in processes involving hydrocarbons.  
5.2 Maximum chloride levels are often specified for process streams and for hydrocarbon products.  
5.3 Organic chloride species are potentially damaging to refinery processes. Hydrochloric acid can be produced in hydrotreating or reforming reactors and this acid accumulates in condensing regions of the refinery.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of organic chloride in aromatic hydrocarbons, their derivatives, and related chemicals.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to samples with chloride concentrations to 25 mg/kg. The limit of detection (LOD) is 0.2 mg/kg and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) is 0.7 mg/kg. With careful analytical technique or the measurement of replicates, or both, this method can be used to successfully analyze concentrations below the LOD.
Note 1: The maximum is the highest concentration from the interlaboratory study and the LOD and LOQ were calculated from Performance Testing Program (PTP) data. See Table 1.  
1.3 This test method is preferred over Test Method D5194 for products, such as styrene, that are polymerized by the sodium biphenyl reagent.  
1.4 In determining the conformance of the test results using this method to applicable specifications, results shall be rounded off in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E29.  
1.5 Organic chloride values of samples containing inorganic chlorides will be biased high due to partial recovery of inorganic species during combustion. Interference from inorganic species can be reduced by water washing the sample before analysis. This does not apply to water soluble samples.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 7.3 and Section 9.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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