ASTM D4188-82(2003)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D 4188–82 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Practice for
Performing Pressure In-Line Coagulation-Flocculation-
Filtration Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 4187 Test Methods for Zeta Potential of Colloids in
Water and Waste Water
1.1 This practice covers the procedure used to perform
D 4189 Test Method for Silt Density Index (SDI) of Water
pressure in-line coagulation-flocculation-filtration of water and
waste water. It is applicable to water and waste water with
3. Terminology
relatively low suspended solids (<30 mg/L). The practice is
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this prac-
applicable for any size filter greater than 100 mm (4 in.) in
tice, refer to Definitions D 1129.
diameter.
1.2 This practice can be used to determine the effectiveness
4. Summary of Practice
of flocculants or coagulants, or both, and filter medium(a) in
4.1 A flocculant or coagulant, or both, is added to a
removing suspended and colloidal material from water and
pressurized flowing water or waste water stream, and the floc
waste water.
that forms is removed, using a filter medium(a).
1.3 Interval between filter backwashing, backwash require-
4.2 The effectiveness of the system in removing suspended
ments, rinse requirements, and effect of filtration rate on
and colloidal matter is determined by monitoring the quality of
effluent quality can also be obtained with this practice.
the filter effluent.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.3 A holding tank for floc formation or floc growth is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
optional.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.4 The practice also provides information on interval
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
between filter backwashing, backwash requirements, rinse
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
requirements and effect of filtration rate on effluent quality.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Significance and Use
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.1 Pressure in-line coagulation-flocculation followed by
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
filtration is an effective process to remove suspended and
D 1888 Test Methods for Particulate and Dissolved Matter,
3 colloidal matter from water and waste water.
Solids, or Residue in Water
5.2 The effectiveness of this process is dependent on the
D 1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water
type and concentration of the flocculant or coagulant, or both,
D 2035 Practice for Coagulation-Flocculation Jar Test of
the pH, the temperature, the filtration medium(a), and the
Water
filtration rate. This practice permits the evaluation of these
D 3370 Practices for SamplingWater from Closed Conduits
various parameters.
5.3 This practice can also be used to determine filter
backwash and rinse requirements.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and
5.4 The results obtained from this practice can be used for
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.03 on Sampling of Water and
plant design of large systems.
Water-Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use,
On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water.
6. Apparatus
Current edition approved Oct. 29, 1982. Published March 1983.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.1 Installation:
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.1.1 To prevent contamination by corrosion products, use
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
stainless steel, plastic, or coated (rubber or epoxy-lined) steel
the ASTM website.
Withdrawn. for all wetted parts.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 4188–82 (2003)
6.1.2 Take care to ensure that no contamination will occur 6.1.9 Use a calibrated volume container and stopwatch to
from oil films on new metal piping, release agents on raw measure the injection pump rate.
plastic components, or from solutions previously used in the
NOTE 4—If the suction line of the metering pump is placed into the
system. Thoroughly clean or degrease, or both, any materials
volume container, it is necessary to subtract the volume displaced by the
that are suspect.
suction line.
6.1.3 Design all pressurized components based on the
6.1.10 With small inside diameter piping ( ⁄2-in. nominal),
manufacturer’s working pressure rating. Review the manufac-
use five or six right-angle elbows for mixing. With large inside
turer’s rating for compliance with standard engineering prac-
diameter piping, use in-line static mixing to obtain good
tice.
mixing.
6.1.4 Assemble the system as shown in Fig. 1. The holding
6.1.11 Valve the filter so the raw water supply can be used
tank just preceding the filter is optional. Use a manual flow
for backwashing.
control valve to regulate the filter effluent flow.
6.1.12 To protect the pump, install a flow-sensor switch to
NOTE 1—Sincethefilterisintendedtobeoperatedatconstantflowwith
shut the system down if the water supply to the pump is
differential pressure changes across the filter, manual flow adjustments
interrupted.
may be required periodically. For streams that yield a high filter loading
NOTE 5—If a centrifugal pump is used, excessive pressure is usually no
rate, an automatic flow control valve might be required.
problem provided the pump or piping or both are properly sized. Either a
NOTE 2—If a holding tank is used, it should be designed to obtain
high-pressure limit control switch or a pressure-relief device can be
uniform flow to minimize stagnant zones and to keep the floc suspended.
installed after the pump, if there are any doubts about excessive pressure.
It should also be sized to obtain the desired retention and contain an air
vent.
6.1.13 If the system pressure fluctuates by more than6 35
kPa (65 psi), install a pressure regulator immediately down-
6.1.5 Operate the apparatus by drawing water from the
stream of the pressure control valve.
water supply and pumping it through the system under pres-
6.2 To minimize wall effects, use a filter with a minimum
sure. Use a gage pressure of 275 to 345 kPa (40 to 50 psi) as
diameter of 100 mm (4 in.).
the filter inlet pressure.
NOTE 3—If the water supply is already sufficiently pressurized, the 7. Reagents
pressurizing centrifugal pump is not required.
7.1 For a list of typical coagulants and the preparation of
6.1.6 Useasinglecalibratedpressuregageequippedwitha“
polyelectrolyte solutions, refer to Practice D 2035.
quick-connect” fitting to measure the filter inlet pressure and
8. Procedure
filter pressure drop. Individual gages are also satisfactory but
not as reliable as a single “quick-connect” pressure gauge. 8.1 Start-Up Procedure:
6.1.7 Use either a flowmeter or a calibrated volume con- 8.1.1 First, backwash the filter with the supply water to
tainer and stopwatch to measure the filter effluent flow. thoroughly clean the filter medium. Use the backwash rate
6.1.8 Use an accurate metering pump to inject the flocculant recommended by the filter medium supplier, which is usually
3 2 2
or coagulant, or both. Use an injector with a check valve and 20 to 50 m /(h·m ) of filter area (8 to 20 gal/(min·ft )).
locatetheteatoftheinjectorinthecenteroftheflowingstream Backwash the filter until the turbidity (as determined by Test
and in the vertical position. Method D 1889) of the backwash is equal (within 10 %) to the
FIG. 1 Typical Pressure In-Line Coagulation-Flocculation Filtration System
D 4188–82 (2003)
NOTE 7—For most natural waters, optimum coagulation-flocculation
turbidity of the supply water. For all sampling follow the
will occur at a zeta potential of 0 6 2 mV. Zeta potential measurements
procedure given in Practices D 3370.
are only useful for cationic polyelectrolytes and inorganic coagulants
(alum and iron). If a nonionic or anionic polyelectrolyte is used, omit the
NOTE 6—New medium usually contains many fines which need to be
zeta potential measurement.
removed for the best filter performance. During backwash approximately
NOTE 8—Fo
...