ASTM D4188-82(1999)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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Designation: D 4188 – 82 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Practice for
Performing Pressure In-Line Coagulation-Flocculation-
Filtration Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 4189 Test Method for Silt Density Index (SDI) of Water
1.1 This practice covers the procedure used to perform
3. Terminology
pressure in-line coagulation-flocculation-filtration of water and
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this prac-
waste water. It is applicable to water and waste water with
tice, refer to Definitions D 1129.
relatively low suspended solids (<30 mg/L). The practice is
applicable for any size filter greater than 100 mm (4 in.) in
4. Summary of Practice
diameter.
4.1 A flocculant or coagulant, or both, is added to a
1.2 This practice can be used to determine the effectiveness
pressurized flowing water or waste water stream, and the floc
of flocculants or coagulants, or both, and filter medium(a) in
that forms is removed, using a filter medium(a).
removing suspended and colloidal material from water and
4.2 The effectiveness of the system in removing suspended
waste water.
and colloidal matter is determined by monitoring the quality of
1.3 Interval between filter backwashing, backwash require-
the filter effluent.
ments, rinse requirements, and effect of filtration rate on
4.3 A holding tank for floc formation or floc growth is
effluent quality can also be obtained with this practice.
optional.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.4 The practice also provides information on interval
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
between filter backwashing, backwash requirements, rinse
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
requirements and effect of filtration rate on effluent quality.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Pressure in-line coagulation-flocculation followed by
2. Referenced Documents
filtration is an effective process to remove suspended and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 colloidal matter from water and waste water.
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
5.2 The effectiveness of this process is dependent on the
D 1888 Test Methods for Particulate and Dissolved Matter,
3 type and concentration of the flocculant or coagulant, or both,
Solids, or Residue in Water
the pH, the temperature, the filtration medium(a), and the
D 1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water
filtration rate. This practice permits the evaluation of these
D 2035 Practice for Coagulation-Flocculation Jar Test of
various parameters.
Water
5.3 This practice can also be used to determine filter
D 3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Con-
backwash and rinse requirements.
duits
5.4 The results obtained from this practice can be used for
D 4187 Test Methods for Zeta Potential of Colloids in
5 plant design of large systems.
Water and Waste Water
6. Apparatus
6.1 Installation:
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-19 on Water and
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.03 on Sampling of Water and
6.1.1 To prevent contamination by corrosion products, use
Water-Formed Deposits, Surveillance of Water, and Flow Measurement of Water.
stainless steel, plastic, or coated (rubber or epoxy-lined) steel
Current edition approved Oct. 29, 1982. Published March 1983.
for all wetted parts.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Discontinued; see 1990 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.02.
Discontinued; see 1991 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 4188
6.1.2 Take care to ensure that no contamination will occur 6.1.9 Use a calibrated volume container and stopwatch to
from oil films on new metal piping, release agents on raw measure the injection pump rate.
plastic components, or from solutions previously used in the
NOTE 4—If the suction line of the metering pump is placed into the
system. Thoroughly clean or degrease, or both, any materials
volume container, it is necessary to subtract the volume displaced by the
that are suspect.
suction line.
6.1.3 Design all pressurized components based on the
6.1.10 With small inside diameter piping ( ⁄2-in. nominal),
manufacturer’s working pressure rating. Review the manufac-
use five or six right-angle elbows for mixing. With large inside
turer’s rating for compliance with standard engineering prac-
diameter piping, use in-line static mixing to obtain good
tice.
mixing.
6.1.4 Assemble the system as shown in Fig. 1. The holding
6.1.11 Valve the filter so the raw water supply can be used
tank just preceding the filter is optional. Use a manual flow
for backwashing.
control valve to regulate the filter effluent flow.
6.1.12 To protect the pump, install a flow-sensor switch to
NOTE 1—Since the filter is intended to be operated at constant flow with
shut the system down if the water supply to the pump is
differential pressure changes across the filter, manual flow adjustments
interrupted.
may be required periodically. For streams that yield a high filter loading
NOTE 5—If a centrifugal pump is used, excessive pressure is usually no
rate, an automatic flow control valve might be required.
problem provided the pump or piping or both are properly sized. Either a
NOTE 2—If a holding tank is used, it should be designed to obtain
high-pressure limit control switch or a pressure-relief device can be
uniform flow to minimize stagnant zones and to keep the floc suspended.
installed after the pump, if there are any doubts about excessive pressure.
It should also be sized to obtain the desired retention and contain an air
vent.
6.1.13 If the system pressure fluctuates by more than6 35
kPa (65 psi), install a pressure regulator immediately down-
6.1.5 Operate the apparatus by drawing water from the
stream of the pressure control valve.
water supply and pumping it through the system under pres-
6.2 To minimize wall effects, use a filter with a minimum
sure. Use a gage pressure of 275 to 345 kPa (40 to 50 psi) as
diameter of 100 mm (4 in.).
the filter inlet pressure.
NOTE 3—If the water supply is already sufficiently pressurized, the 7. Reagents
pressurizing centrifugal pump is not required.
7.1 For a list of typical coagulants and the preparation of
6.1.6 Use a single calibrated pressure gage equipped with a“
polyelectrolyte solutions, refer to Practice D 2035.
quick-connect” fitting to measure the filter inlet pressure and
8. Procedure
filter pressure drop. Individual gages are also satisfactory but
not as reliable as a single “quick-connect” pressure gauge. 8.1 Start-Up Procedure:
6.1.7 Use either a flowmeter or a calibrated volume con- 8.1.1 First, backwash the filter with the supply water to
tainer and stopwatch to measure the filter effluent flow. thoroughly clean the filter medium. Use the backwash rate
6.1.8 Use an accurate metering pump to inject the flocculant recommended by the filter medium supplier, which is usually
3 2 2
or coagulant, or both. Use an injector with a check valve and 20 to 50 m /(h·m ) of filter area (8 to 20 gal/(min·ft )).
locate the teat of the injector in the center of the flowing stream Backwash the filter until the turbidity (as determined by Test
and in the vertical position. Method D 1889) of the backwash is equal (within 10 %) to the
FIG. 1 Typical Pressure In-Line Coagulation-Flocculation Filtration System
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 4188
(alum and iron). If a nonionic or anionic polyelectrolyte is used, omit the
turbidity of the supply water. For all sampling follow the
zeta potential measurement.
procedure given in Practices D 3370.
NOTE 8—For waters with high total dissolved solids, for example,
NOTE 6—New medium usually contains many fines which need to be
seawater, zeta potential measurements are not meaningful.
removed for the best filter performance. During backwash approximately
8.2.6 Adjust the concentration of flocculant or coagulant, or
2 to 3 % of t
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