ASTM E604-83(1994)

Designation: E 604 – 83 (Reapproved 1994) An American National Standard
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Dynamic Tear Testing of Metallic Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 604; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope section area before fracture or the area of the projected plane of
the fracture surface.
1.1 This test method covers the dynamic tear (DT) test using
3 5
specimens that are ⁄16 in. to ⁄8 in. (5 mm to 16 mm) inclusive
4. Summary of Test Method
in thickness.
4.1 The DT test involves a single-edge notched beam that is
1.2 This test method is applicable to materials with a
impact loaded in three-point bending, and the total energy loss
minimum thickness of ⁄16 in. (5 mm).
during separation is recorded.
1.3 The pressed-knife procedure described for sharpening
4.2 The DT specimens are fractured with pendulum or
the notch tip generally limits this test method to materials with
drop-weight machines.
a hardness level less than 36 HRC.
NOTE 1—The designation 36 HRC is a Rockwell hardness number of 5. Significance and Use
36 on Rockwell C scale as defined in Test Methods E 18.
5.1 The DT energy value is a measure of resistance to rapid
progressive fracturing. In a number of applications, the en-
2. Referenced Documents
hanced resistance that may develop during about one plate
2.1 ASTM Standards:
thickness of crack extension from a sharp notch is of major
B 221 Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars,
interest. In the test method, a sufficiently long fracture path is
Rods, Wire, Shapes, and Tubes
provided so that the results serve as a measure of this property.
E 18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell
5.2 Fracture surfaces of nonaustenitic steels tested in their
Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
temperature transition region have areas that appear bright and
E 399 Test Method for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of
areas that appear dull. The bright, faceted appearing areas are
Metallic Materials
termed “cleavage” fracture, and the dull appearing areas are
termed “shear” fracture after their respective mode of fracture
3. Terminology
on a micro scale.
3.1 Description of Terms Specific to this Standard
5.3 This test method can serve the following purposes:
3.2 Dynamic Tear (DT) Energy—the total energy required
5.3.1 In research and development, to evaluate the effects of
to fracture DT specimens tested in accordance with the
metallurgical variables such as composition, processing, or
provisions of this test method.
heat treatment, or of fabricating operations such as forming and
NOTE 2—With pendulum-type machines, the DT energy is the differ- welding on the dynamic tear fracture resistance of new or
ence between the initial and the final potential energies of the pendulum
existing materials.
or pendulums.
5.3.2 In service evaluation, to establish the suitability of a
NOTE 3—With drop-weight machines, the DT energy is the difference
material for a specific application only where a correlation
between the initial potential energy of the hammer and the final energy of
between DT energy and service performance has been estab-
the hammer as determined by a calibrated energy measurement system.
lished.
3.3 Percent Shear Fracture Appearance—Percent shear
5.3.3 For information, specifications of acceptance, and
fracture appearance is the percent of the net section that
manufacturing quality control when a minimum DT energy is
fractured in a shear mode. Net section can be either the net
requested. Detailed discussion of the basis for determining
such minimum values in a particular case is beyond the scope
of this test method.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-28 on
6. Apparatus
Fracture Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.07 on Impact
Testing.
6.1 General Requirements—The testing machine shall be
Current edition approved March 25, 1983. Published July 1983. Originally
published as a proposed test method in November 1975. Last previous edition
E 604 –80. See Pellini, W. S., “Analytical Design Procedures for Metals of Elastic-Plastic
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.02. and Plastic Fracture Properties,” Welding Research Council Bulletin 186, August
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. 1973.
E 604
either a pendulum type or a drop-weight type of capacity more
than sufficient to break the specimen in one blow. DT energy
values above 80 % of the initial potential energy of the blow
are invalid. The capacity needed to conduct DT tests on most
steels is 2000 ft·lbf (2700 J) for ⁄8-in. (16-mm) and 500 ft·lbf
(700 J) for ⁄16-in. (5-mm) thick specimens. The capacity
needed to conduct DT tests on the cast irons and aluminum
alloys is less than 20 % of the values given above for most
steels.
6.1.1 Velocity Limitations—Tests may be made at velocities
that range from 13 to 28 ft/s (4.0 to 8.5 m/s). Velocity shall be
stated as the velocity between the striker and the specimen at
impact. This range in velocities corresponds to that of hammers
dropped from heights of 32 in. to 12 ft (0.8 to 3.7 m).
6.1.2 The impact machine shall have a calibrated scale,
charts, or direct reading-indicator of initial and final energy
values, or the difference between the initial and final energy
values. The scale, chart, or direct-reading indicator shall be
Dimensions and Tolerance for Specimen Blank
divided so that DT energy values can be estimated within the
Parameter Units Dimension Tolerance
following increments:
Length, L in. 7.125 60.125
DT Energy Value Maximum Increment
mm 181 63
<40 ft·lbf (54 J) 2 ft·lbf (3 J)
Width, W in. 1.60 60.10
40–600 ft·lbf (54–800 J) 5 % of DT energy
mm 41 62
>600 ft·lbf (800 J) 30 ft·lbf (40 J)
Thickness, B in. 0.625 60.035
mm 16 61
6.1.2.1 The error in the DT energy value due to an error in
Angularity, a deg 90 61
the weight of the pendulum or the dropping weight, or due to
an error in drop height, shall not exceed 1 %. Windage and
NOTE 1—See 9.1 for specimens less than ⁄8-in. (16 mm) thick.
friction may be compensated for by increasing the height of the
FIG. 1 Dynamic Tear Test Specimen, Anvil Supports, and Striker
drop, in which case the height may exceed the nominal value
l 5 0.2485r2, to determine l in metres
by not over 2.0 %.
6.1.3 The specimen anvil and the striker tup shall be of steel
where:
hardened to a minimum hardness value of 48 HRC and shall
l 5 distance from the axis to the center of percussion, ft (or
conform to the dimensions presented in Fig. 1. Clearance
m), and
between the sides of the hammer and anvil shall not be less
r5 time of a complete cycle (to and fro) of the pendulum,
than 2.0 in. (51 mm), and the center line of the striker edge
s.
shall advance in the plane that is within 0.032 in. (0.80 mm) of
6.2.2 For double-pendulum machines, the center of percus-
the midpoint between the supporting edges of the specimen
sion of each pendulum shall be determined separately.
anvils. The striker edge shall be perpendicular to the longitu-
7. Safety Hazards
dinal axis of the specimen within 0.01 rad. When in contact
with the specimen, the striker edge shall be parallel within
7.1 A safety screen shall surround the anvil to restrict the
0.005 rad to the face of a square test specimen held against the flight of broken specimens.
anvil. Specimen supports for pendulum machines shall be
7.2 Precautions shall be taken to protect personnel from
square with anvil faces within 0.0025 rad. Specimen supports
swinging pendulums, dropping weights, flying broken speci-
shall be coplanar within 0.005 in. (0.125 mm) and parallel
mens, and hazards associated with specimen warming and
within 0.002 rad.
cooling media.
6.2 The design of the pendulum impact machines shall
8. Sampling
position the center of percussion at the center of strike within
8.1 Notation of the orientation of base metal specimens
1 % of the distance from the center of rotation to the center of
shall be in accordance with that recommended in Test Method
the strike. When hanging free, the pendulums shall hang so that
E 399.
the striking edge is less than 0.20 in. (5.0 mm) from the edge
8.2 If the thickness of the product is greater than ⁄8 in. (16
position of the specimen.
mm), then a ⁄8-in. (16-mm) thick specimen shall be the
6.2.1 The location of the center of percussion may be
standard specimen.
determined as follows: Using a stop watch or some other
suitable timer to within 0.2 s, swing the pendulum through a
9. Test Specimens
total angle not greater than 15°, and record the time for 100
9.1 Size of Specimens—The specimen blank shall be B by
complete cycles (to and fro). Determine the center of percus-
1.60 by 7.125 in. (B by 40.6 by 181.0 mm) where B can be
sion as follows:
3 5
from ⁄16 to ⁄8 in. (5 to 16 mm). The tolerances for these
l 5 0.815r , to determine l in feet (1) dimensions are presented in Fig. 1.
E 604
9.2 Notch Detail—The notch is machined to provide a horizontally (90 6 1° from the rest position) at a point most
fracture path in test material of 1.125 in. (28.5 mm); the small convenient to react with a weighing device such as a platform
extension required for notch sharpening is considered a portion
scale, balance, or load cell, and determine the weight within
of the nominal net section. Details of the notch are shown in 0.4 %. Take care to minimize friction at the bearing support
Fig. 2, and the notch dimensions shall conform to the values
and the weighing support. Measure the length of the moment
given therein. arm (that is, the horizontal distance between the center of
9.3 Procedure for Preparing Notch:
rotation and a vertical line that passes through the point of
9.3.1 Rough Machining—Machine a notch to the dimen- support) within 0.1 %. The potential energy at any angular
sions shown in Fig. 2. The angular apex portion and particu-
position can be calculated from the following formula:
larly the final cut on the root radius can be machined with a
Energy 5 weight 3 moment arm ~1 2 cos b!
precisely ground saw, cutter, electric discharge machine, or any
whereb5 the angle displaced when the pendulum is rotated
other machining process that will ensure a final root radius less
from the position of rest when hanging free. An alternative
than 0.005 in. (0.13 mm). These machining operations are
procedure may be used if the distance between the center of
normally performed simultaneously for a group of specimens.
rotation and the center of gravity is known within 0.1 %. The
9.3.2 Pressing Notch Tip—Pressing the sharp tip of the
weight is then determined within 0.4 %, with the pendulum
notch to the dimensions prescribed in Fig. 2 is performed on
supported horizontally at a point in line with the center of
individual specimens. The impression is made with a blade of
gravity. The potential energy at any position is equal to the
high-speed tool steel (60 HRC min), which has been ground to
weight times the elevation of the center of gravity from the rest
the dimensions presented in Fig. 3, and subsequently honed to
position.
remove any burrs or rough edges. Any loading device with
sufficient capacity to press the knife to the prescribed depth
10.1.1 The friction and windage loss of energy in the
may be used. The force required to accomplish the pressing is
machine shall not exceed 2.0 % of the initial energy. The
related to the hardness and the thickness of the specimen. The
friction and windage loss is the difference between the poten-
force required can be approximated by either of the following
tial energy of the pendulum from the starting position and the
formulas:
potential energy of the pendulum after it completes its swing
without a specimen. Compensate the friction and windage loss
force ~lbf!5 47 3 ultimate tensile strength ~ksi!3 B ~in.!
so that zero energy is indicated when the pendulum is released
force ~N!5 2.9 3 ultimate tensile strength ~MPa!3 B ~mm!
without a specimen being present.
where B 5 thickness of the specimen.
10.1.2 Impact Velocity—Determine the impact velocity, v,
NOTE 4—Suggested practices for measuring the pressed tip and for of the machine, neglecting friction as follows:
pressing the notch tip are given in the Appendixes.
1/2
v 5 2 gh
~ !
10. Calibration of Apparatus
where:
2 2
10.1 Single-Pendulum Machine—Support the pendulum
g 5 acceleration of gravity, ft/s (or m/s ),
h 5 initial elevation of the striking edge, ft (or m), and
v 5 striking velocity, ft/s (or m/s).
10.2 Double-Pendulum Machine—The procedure for cali-
brating the hammer pendulum and the anvil pendulum shall be
in accordance with the procedure in 10.1 for a single-pendulum
machine. Calibrate the anvil pendulum without a specimen in
place.
10.2.1 Determine and compensate the friction and windage
loss of energy in accordance with the procedure described in
10.1.1.
10.3 Vertical Drop-Weight Apparatus—The dimensions of
the apparatus shall be such that the falling hammer travels a
Dimensions and Tolerances for Notch Tip
minimum vertical distance of 2 in. (51 mm) after contacting the
Parameter Units Dimension Tolerance
specimen before measurement is made of the final energy and
Net width, (W−a) in. 1.125 60.020
2.75 in. (70 mm) before an arresting device is activated, as
mm 28.6 60.5
shown in Fig. 4.
Machined notch width, N in. 0.0625 60.005
w
mm 1.59 60.13
10.3.1 Calibration of an aluminum block system is required
Machined notch root angle, N deg 60 62
a
for each lot of blocks machined from a single bar. Segregate
Machined notch root radius, N in. 0.005 max
r
Pressed tip depth, t mm 0.13 max and mark for identification purposes blocks that have been
D
in. 0.010 60.005
prepared from each bar. The initial cross-sectional area of
Pressed tip angle, t mm 0.25 60.13
a
blocks from one lot shall not vary more than 0.2 %. Determine
Pressed tip root radius, t deg 40 65
r
in. 0.001 max the average height of the blocks before and after test and record
mm 0.025 max
with an error not to exceed 0.0005 in. (0.013 mm). Develop a
FIG. 2 Details of the Notch in a Dynamic Tear Specimen chart of absorbed energy versus deformation of blocks by
E 604
FIG. 3 Knife for Sharpening Tip of Notch in Dynamic Tear Specimen
FIG. 4 Striker, Anvil, Aluminum Block Arrestors and Light Beam Velocity Sensor in a Vertical Drop-Weight Dynamic Tear Test Machine
conducting duplicate tests wit
...