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ASTM G98-02(2009)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Galling Resistance of Materials

Standard Test Method for Galling Resistance of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is designed to rank material couples in their resistance to the failure mode caused by galling and not merely to classify the surface appearance of sliding surfaces.
This test method should be considered when damaged (galled) surfaces render components non-serviceable. Experience has shown that galling is most prevalent in sliding systems that are slow moving and operate intermittently. The galling and seizure of threaded components is a classic example which this test method most closely simulates.
Other galling-prone examples include: sealing surfaces of value trim which may leak excessively due to galling; and pump wear rings that may function ineffectively due to galling.
If the equipment continues to operate satisfactorily and loses dimension gradually, then mechanical wear should be evaluated by a different test such as the crossed cylinder Test Method (see Test Method G83). Chain belt pins and bushings are examples of this type of problem.
This test method should not be used for quantitative or final design purposes since many environmental factors influence the galling performance of materials in service. Lubrication, alignment, stiffness and geometry are only some of the factors that can affect how materials perform. This test method has proven valuable in screening materials for prototypical testing that more closely simulates actual service conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory test which ranks the galling resistance of material couples. Most galling studies have been conducted on bare metals and alloys; however, non-metallics, coatings, and surface modified alloys may also be evaluated by this test method.
1.2 This test method is not designed for evaluating the galling resistance of material couples sliding under lubricated conditions because galling usually will not occur under lubricated sliding conditions using this test method.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2009
ICS
17.040.20 - Properties of surfaces
Technical Committee
G02 - Wear and Erosion
Drafting Committee
G02.40 - Non-Abrasive Wear
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G98-02 - Standard Test Method for Galling Resistance of Materials
Effective Date
01-Oct-2009
Referred By
ASTM G196-08(2021) - Standard Test Method for Galling Resistance of Material Couples
Effective Date
01-Oct-2009

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ASTM G98-02(2009) - Standard Test Method for Galling Resistance of Materials
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: G98 − 02 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Galling Resistance of Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G98; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope cation of galling is somewhat subjective, and complete agree-
ment does not exist, even among experts. G40
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory test which ranks
the galling resistance of material couples. Most galling studies 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
have been conducted on bare metals and alloys; however,
3.2.1 threshold galling stress—the stress midway between
non-metallics, coatings, and surface modified alloys may also
the highest non-galled stress and the lowest galled stress as
be evaluated by this test method.
determined by this test method.
1.2 This test method is not designed for evaluating the
4. Summary of Test Method
galling resistance of material couples sliding under lubricated
conditions because galling usually will not occur under lubri-
4.1 This test method uses available laboratory equipment
cated sliding conditions using this test method.
capable of maintaining a constant, compressive load between
two flat specimens, such as hydraulic or screw feed compres-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
sion testing machines. One specimen is slowly rotated one
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
revolution360°relativetotheotherspecimen.Thesurfacesare
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
examined for galling after sliding. The criterion for whether
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
galling occurs is the appearance of the specimens based on
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
unassisted visual examination. If the specimens have not
2. Referenced Documents
galled, a new set of specimens is tested at increased load. This
process is continued until galling occurs.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
4.2 Appropriate load intervals are chosen to determine the
G83 Test Method for Wear Testing with a Crossed-Cylinder
threshold galling stress within an acceptable range.
Apparatus (Withdrawn 2005)
4.3 The higher the threshold galling stressing, the more
galling resistant is the test couple.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
5. Significance and Use
3.1.1 galling—a form of surface damage arising between
sliding solids, distinguished by macroscopic, usually localized, 5.1 This test method is designed to rank material couples in
their resistance to the failure mode caused by galling and not
roughening and creation of protrusions above the original
merely to classify the surface appearance of sliding surfaces.
surface; it often includes plastic flow or material transfer, or
both.
5.2 This test method should be considered when damaged
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The onset of galling usually requires
(galled) surfaces render components non-serviceable. Experi-
thatthecontactpressureexceedssomethresholdvalue.Galling
ence has shown that galling is most prevalent in sliding
can be a precursor to seizing or loss of function. The identifi-
systems that are slow moving and operate intermittently. The
galling and seizure of threaded components is a classic
1 example which this test method most closely simulates.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.40 on Non-
5.3 Other galling-prone examples include: sealing surfaces
Abrasive Wear.
of value trim which may leak excessively due to galling; and
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published February 2010. Originally
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as G98–02. DOI:
pump wear rings that may function ineffectively due to galling.
10.1520/G0098-02R09.
5.4 If the equipment continues to operate satisfactorily and
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
loses dimension gradually, then mechanical wear should be
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
evaluated by a different test such as the crossed cylinder Test
the ASTM website.
Method (see Test Method G83). Chain belt pins and bushings
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. are examples of this type of problem.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G98 − 02 (2009)
Metric Equivalents
in. mm in. mm
1 5
⁄4 6.4 ⁄8 16
3 3 FIG. 2 Schematic Diagram of Galling Test Set-Up
⁄8 10 ⁄4 19
1 7
⁄2 13 ⁄8 22
0.500 ± 0.003 12.7 ± 0.08 1 ⁄8 29
FIG. 1 Typical Button Geometries
8. Procedure
8.1 An overall view of the galling test set-up is shown in
5.5 This test method should not be used for quantitative or
Fig. 2.
final design purposes since many environmental factors influ-
8.2 Cleaning—Immediately prior to testing, clean the test
ence the galling performance of materials in service.
surfaces of the specimens using a procedure that will remove
Lubrication, alignment, stiffness and geometry are only some
any scale, oil film, or foreign matter. The following cleaning
of the factors that can affect how materials perform. This test
technique is suggested for metallic specimens: clean the button
method has proven valuable in screening materials for proto-
and block in trichloroethane, ultrasonically, if possible; a
typical testing that more closely simulates actual service
methanol rinse may be used to remove any traces of trichlo-
conditions.
roethane residue (see Note 1). Materials with open grains
6. Apparatus
(some powder metals) must be dried to remove all traces of the
cleaning solvent which may be entrapped in the material.
6.1 Commonly available laboratory equipment has been
Demagnetize steel specimens having residual magnetism.
used to conduct galling tests. Both Brinell hardness testers and
servo-hydraulic testing machines have proven to be satisfac-
NOTE 1—This cleaning procedure is not appropriate for polymers. If a
tory as loading devices. Any apparatus that can apply and
polymer is being tested, a cleaning procedure that does not alter the
chemistry or surface should be determined.
maintain a constant compressive load should be acceptable.
8.3 Mount specimens in the loading device and degrease
7. Test Specimens
again if possible. Lightly load the specimens. Twist the button
7.1 This test method uses a cylindrical flat-on-flat geometry. by hand to make su
...

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Standard Test Method for Galling Resistance of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to rank material couples in their resistance to the failure mode caused by galling and not merely to classify the surface appearance of sliding surfaces.  
5.2 This test method should be considered when damaged (galled) surfaces render components non-serviceable. Experience has shown that galling is most prevalent in sliding systems that are slow moving and operate intermittently. The galling and seizure of threaded components is a classic example which this test method most closely simulates.  
5.3 Other galling-prone examples include: sealing surfaces of value trim which may leak excessively due to galling; and pump wear rings that may function ineffectively due to galling.  
5.4 If the equipment continues to operate satisfactorily and loses dimension gradually, then mechanical wear should be evaluated by a different test such as the crossed cylinder Test Method (see Test Method G83). Chain belt pins and bushings are examples of this type of problem.  
5.5 This test method should not be used for quantitative or final design purposes since many environmental factors influence the galling performance of materials in service. Lubrication, alignment, stiffness and geometry are only some of the factors that can affect how materials perform. This test method has proven valuable in screening materials for prototypical testing that more closely simulates actual service conditions.
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1.2 This test method is not designed for evaluating the galling resistance of material couples sliding under lubricated conditions because galling usually will not occur under lubricated sliding conditions using this test method.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The amount of wear in any system will, in general, depend upon the number of system factors such as the applied load, machine characteristics, sliding speed, sliding distance, the environment, and the material properties. The value of any wear test method lies in predicting the relative ranking of material combinations. Since the pin-on-disk test method does not attempt to duplicate all the conditions that may be experienced in service (for example, lubrication, load, pressure, contact geometry, removal of wear debris, and presence of corrosive environment), there is no insurance that the test will predict the wear rate of a given material under conditions differing from those in the test.  
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1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for determining the wear of materials and friction during sliding using a pin-on-disk apparatus. Materials are tested in pairs under nominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas of experimental attention in using this type of apparatus to measure wear are described.  
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Note 1: In order to attain uniformity among laboratories, it is the intent of this test method to require that volume loss due to abrasion be reported only in the metric system as cubic millimetres. 1 mm3 = 6.102 × 10−5 in.3.  
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5.1 A number of types of jaw crushers have been used for laboratory abrasion tests, see Refs (1-5)4 and a limited amount of data has been published (6-10). With emphasis on the crusher described in Section 6, this test method ranks materials and also indicates differences in wear life for that type of abrasion defined as gouging abrasion, as is found in crushing equipment and in many mining and earthmoving applications. This test method is considered useful for research and development purposes, but not to specify universal wear ratios, since the wear ranking and severity of wear may change dramatically with a change of the characteristics (chemistry, shape, angularity, etc.) of the crushed material or type of machinery.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure to determine the relative gouging abrasion resistance of materials. Materials homogeneous in structure and properties are the most appropriate test materials; however, surface-treated and composite materials can also be tested. The test involves a small laboratory jaw crusher that crushes presized hard rock materials, such as a hard morainal gravel, or some other crushable substance.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 on Safety Precautions.)  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rolling friction like sliding friction depends upon many factors. It is a system effect that involves the nature of the rolling surface and the counterface. The sliding friction force (F) is usually considered to be the sum of forces arising from deformations of surface features (Fs), from attractive forces (atomic, molecular, etc.) at contact points (Fa) and force from interaction of films and particulates on the rubbing surfaces (Ff):
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5.2 There are countless applications where it is important to quantify the rolling characteristics of a particular spherical shape on a particular surface. The interlaboratory tests conducted for this test method were performed on hardened steel balls like those used in ball bearings. This test method could be used to assess the effect of different counterface surfaces on the rolling characteristics of balls for ball bearings. Conversely, it could be used as a quality control test on balls. Surface imperfections/defects/films, etc. on the balls can affect how they roll: the distance traveled on a common counterface.  
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1.1 This test method covers the use of an angled launch ramp to initiate rolling of a sphere or nearly spherical shape on a flat horizontal surface to determine the rolling friction characteristics of a given spherical shape on a given surface.  
1.1.1 Steel balls on a surface plate were used in interlaboratory tests (see Appendix X1). Golf balls on a green, soccer and lacrosse balls on playing surfaces, bowling balls on an a lane, basketballs on hardwood, and marbles on composite surface were tested in the development of this test method, but the test applies to any sphere rolling on any flat horizontal surface.  
1.1.2 The rolling friction of spheres on horizontal surfaces is affected by the spherical shape’s stiffness, radius of curvature, surface texture, films on the surface, the nature of the counterface surface; there are many factors to consider. This test method takes all of these factors into consideration. The spherical shape of interest is rolled on the surface of interest using a standard ramp to initiate rolling and standard techniques to measure and treat the rolled distance after leaving the ramp.  
1.1.3 This test method produces a rolling resistance number on a specific spherical shape on a specific surface. It is intended for comparing similar tribosystems. For example, the rolling resistances of marbles on a particular surface are not to be compared with the rolling resistance of soccer balls on grass, because their masses and diameters are very different as are the counterface surfaces on which they roll.  
1.1.4 Different launch ramps are appropriate for different types of spherical shapes. If a sphere of interest cannot be accommodated with using one of the launch ramps discussed in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2, a different launch ramp can be developed and added with future revisions to this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measu...

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ASTM
ASTM G115-10(2018)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In this guide, factors that shall be considered in conducting a valid test for the determination of the coefficient of friction of a tribosystem are covered, and the use of a standard reporting format for friction data is encouraged.  
5.2 The factors that are important for a valid test may not be obvious to non-tribologists, and the friction tests referenced will assist in selecting the apparatus and test technique that is most appropriate to simulate a tribosystem of interest.  
5.3 The tribology literature is replete with friction data that cannot readily be used by others because specifics are not presented on the tribosystem that was used to develop the data. The overall goal of this guide is to provide a reporting format that will enable computer databases to be readily established. These databases can be searched for material couples and tribosystems of interest. Their use will significantly reduce the need for each laboratory to do its own testing. Sufficient information on test conditions will be available to determine applicability of the friction data to the engineer's specific needs.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information to assist in the selection of a method for measuring the frictional properties of materials. Requirements for minimum data and a format for presenting these data are suggested. The use of the suggested reporting form will increase the long-term usefulness of the test results within a given laboratory and will facilitate the exchange of test results between laboratories. It is hoped that the use of a uniform reporting format will provide the basis for the preparation of handbooks and computerized databases.  
1.2 This guide applies to most solid materials and to most friction measuring techniques and test equipment.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G171-03(2017)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Scratch Hardness of Materials Using a Diamond Stylus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to measure the resistance of solid surfaces to permanent deformation under the action of a single point (stylus tip). It is a companion method to quasi-static hardness tests in which a stylus is pressed into a surface under a certain normal load and the resultant depth or impression size is used to compute a hardness number. Scratch hardness numbers, unlike quasi-static hardness numbers, involve a different combination of properties of the surface because the indenter, in this case a diamond stylus, moves tangentially along the surface. Therefore, the stress state under the scratching stylus differs from that produced under a quasi-static indenter. Scratch hardness numbers are in principle a more appropriate measure of the damage resistance of a material to surface damage processes like two-body abrasion than are quasi-static hardness numbers.  
5.2 This test method is applicable to a wide range of materials. These include metals, alloys, and some polymers. The main criteria are that the scratching process produces a measurable scratch in the surface being tested without causing catastrophic fracture, spallation, or extensive delamination of surface material. Severe damage to the test surface, such that the scratch width is not clearly identifiable or that the edges of the scratch are chipped or distorted, invalidates the use of this test method to determine a scratch hardness number. Since the degree and type of surface damage in a material may vary with applied load, the applicability of this test to certain classes of materials may be limited by the maximum load at which valid scratch width measurements can be made.  
5.3 The resistance of a material to abrasion by a single point may be affected by its sensitivity to the strain rate of the deformation process. Therefore, this test is conducted under low stylus traversing speeds. Use of a slow scratching speed also minimizes the possible effects of frictional heating.  
5.4 This...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the scratch hardness of the surfaces of solid materials. Within certain limitations, as described in this guide, this test method is applicable to metals, ceramics, polymers, and coated surfaces. The scratch hardness test, as described herein, is not intended to be used as a means to determine coating adhesion, nor is it intended for use with other than specific hemispherically-tipped, conical styli.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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