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ASTM C695-91(2005)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite

Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Carbon and graphite can usually support higher loads in compression than in any other mode of stress. This test, therefore, provides a measure of the maximum load-bearing capability of carbon and graphite objects.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the compressive strength of carbon and graphite at room temperature.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2005
ICS
71.060.10 - Chemical elements
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.F0 - Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C695-91(2000) - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Replaced By
ASTM C695-91(2010) - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D7775-21 - Standard Guide for Measurements on Small Graphite Specimens
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM D7846-21 - Standard Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Graphites
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM C781-20 - Standard Practice for Testing Graphite Materials for Gas-Cooled Nuclear Reactor Components
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM D8255-19 - Standard Guide for Work of Fracture Measurements on Small Nuclear Graphite Specimens
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM D8377-21a - Standard Guide for High Temperature Strength Measurements of Graphite Impregnated with Molten Salt
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005

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ASTM C695-91(2005) - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and GraphiteASTM C695-91(2005) - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite
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ASTM C695-91(2005) - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation:C695–91(Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Method for
Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C695; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 5.2 Spherical Bearing Blocks attachedtotheupperorlower
head of the machine in such a manner that the spherical
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the com-
surfaces are in full contact when not loaded. The center of
pressive strength of carbon and graphite at room temperature.
curvative of the spherical surface shall lie on the surface that
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
contacts the specimen and on the machine axis. The spherical
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
surfaces shall be well-lubricated. The radius of the spherical
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
surface shall be equal to or greater than the radius of the test
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
specimen.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.3 Steel Contact Blocks may be used above or below the
2. Referenced Documents specimen, or both, to protect fixture and test machine surfaces
from damage, as illustrated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Contact block
2.1 ASTM Standards:
surfaces shall be plane and parallel to within 0.0005 in./in.
C709 Terminology Relating to Manufactured Carbon and
(0.0005 mm/mm).
Graphite
5.4 All load-bearing machine and fixture surfaces shall have
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
a minimum hardness of 45 HRC and surface finish of 16 µin.
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
(0.4 µm) rms maximum. Surfaces in contact with the specimen
ASTM Test Methods
shall be flat to less than 0.0005 in./in. (0.0005 mm/mm).
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
5.5 Examples of arrangements of the load train are shown
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
schematically in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
3. Terminology
6. Sampling
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms relating to manu-
6.1 Samples may be taken from locations and orientations
factured carbon and graphite, see Terminology C709.
that satisfy the objectives of the test.
4. Significance and Use
7. Test Specimen
4.1 Carbon and graphite can usually support higher loads in
7.1 The test specimen shall be a right cylinder with ends
compression than in any other mode of stress. This test,
machined to yield planar and parallel faces. These faces shall
therefore, provides a measure of the maximum load-bearing
be perpendicular to the cylindrical surface to within 0.001
capability of carbon and graphite objects.
in./in. (0.001 mm/mm) of diameter total indicator reading. All
5. Apparatus
surfaces shall have a surface finish visually comparable to 32
µin. (0.8 µm) rms or better. Reasonable care should be
5.1 Test Machine, conforming to Practice E4 and to the
exercisedtoassurethatalledgesaresharpandwithoutchipsor
requirementsforspeedoftestingprescribedinSection8ofthis
other flaws.
test method.
7.2 The diameter of the test specimen shall be greater than
ten times the maximum particle size of the carbon or graphite.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
The ratio of height to diameter may vary between 1.9 and 2.1.
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
The recommended minimum test specimen size is ⁄8 in. (9.5
D02.F0 on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products.
Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published August 2005. Originally mm) diameter by ⁄4 in. (19 mm) high.
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as C695–91(2000). DOI:
10.1520/C0695-91R05.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C695–91 (2005)
FIG. 1 Elements of Compressive Strength Load Train
FIG. 2 Compressive Test Arrangement with Spherical Blocks on Bottom
8. Procedure
where:
C = compressive strength of
...

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1.3 This test method also provides a standard oxidation temperature (as defined in 3.1.7), and the kinetic parameters of the oxidation reaction, namely the apparent activation energy and the logarithm of pre-exponential factor in Arrhenius equation. The kinetic parameters of Arrhenius equation are calculated from the temperature dependence of oxidation rates measured over the temperature range where Arrhenius plots (as defined in 3.1.8) are linear, which is defined as the “kinetic” or “chemical control” oxidation regime. For typical nuclear grade graphite materials it was found that the practical range of testing temperatures is from about 500 °C to 550 °C up to about 700 °C to 750 °C.  
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Standard Guide for High Temperature Strength Measurements of Graphite Impregnated with Molten Salt

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5.1 The Molten Salt Reactor is a nuclear reactor which uses graphite as reflector and structural material, and molten salt as coolant. The graphite components will be submerged in the molten salt during the lifetime of the reactor. The porous structure of graphite may lead to molten salt permeation, which can affect the thermal and mechanical properties of graphite. Consequently, it may be necessary to measure the various strengths of the manufactured graphite materials after impregnation with molten salt and before exposure to the reactor environment in a range of test configurations in order for designers or operators to assess their performance.
Note 1: Depending upon the salt selected for the reactor, there may be some chemical reaction between the salt and the graphite that could affect properties. The user should establish, prior to following this guide, that any interactions between the molten salt and graphite are understood and any implications for the validity of the strength tests have been assessed.  
5.2 For gas-cooled reactors, the strength of a graphite specimen is usually measured at room temperature. However, for molten salt reactors, the operating temperature of the reactor must be higher than the melting temperature of the salt, and so the salt will be in solid state at room temperature. Consequently, room temperature measurements may not be representative of the performance of the material at its true operating conditions. It is therefore necessary to measure the strength at an elevated temperature where the salt is in liquid form.
Note 2: Users should be aware that a small increase in graphite strength is expected with increasing temperature. Testing at the plant operating temperature will eliminate this small uncertainty.  
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5.4 For the test results to be meaningful, the...
SCOPE
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D8091-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Impregnation of Graphite with Molten Salt

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The molten salt reactor is a nuclear reactor which uses graphite as reflector and structural material and fluoride molten salt as coolant. The graphite components will be submerged in the molten salt during the lifetime of the reactor. The porous structure of graphite may lead to molten salt permeation, which can affect the thermal and mechanical properties of graphite. Consequently, it is important to assess the effect of impregnation of molten salt on the properties of the as-manufactured graphite material.  
5.2 The purpose of this guide is to report considerations that should be included in the preparation of graphite specimens representative of that after exposure to a molten salt environment. The degree to which the molten salt will infiltrate the graphite will depend upon a number of factors, including the type of graphite and the type and extent of porosity, the properties of the molten salt, the impregnation pressure and temperature, and the duration of the exposure of the graphite to the molten salt.  
5.3 The user of this guide will need to select impregnation parameters sufficiently representative of those in a molten salt reactor based on parameters provided by the designer. Alternatively, the user may select a standard set of impregnation conditions to allow comparisons across a range of graphites.  
5.4 This guide is not intended to be prescriptive. A typical apparatus and associated procedure are described. Some indication of the sensitivity of the procedure to graphite type and impregnation conditions is given in He, et al.5  
5.5 There are four major practical issues that must be addressed during the impregnation process:  
5.5.1 The density of molten salt is greater than that of graphite. A specially designed tool is required to submerge graphite samples in the molten salt during the impregnation process.  
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Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Carbon and graphite can usually support higher loads in compression than in any other mode of stress. This test, therefore, provides a measure of the maximum load-bearing capability of carbon and graphite objects.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the compressive strength of carbon and graphite at room temperature.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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