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ASTM C695-91(2000)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite

Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the compressive strength of carbon and graphite at room temperature.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-2000
ICS
71.060.10 - Chemical elements
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.F0 - Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C695-91(2005) - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM D7775-21 - Standard Guide for Measurements on Small Graphite Specimens
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D8377-21a - Standard Guide for High Temperature Strength Measurements of Graphite Impregnated with Molten Salt
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM C781-20 - Standard Practice for Testing Graphite Materials for Gas-Cooled Nuclear Reactor Components
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7846-21 - Standard Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Graphites
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D8255-19 - Standard Guide for Work of Fracture Measurements on Small Nuclear Graphite Specimens
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000

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ASTM C695-91(2000) - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and GraphiteASTM C695-91(2000) - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite
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ASTM C695-91(2000) - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:C 695–91(Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Method for
Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 695; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope surfaces are in full contact when not loaded. The center of
curvative of the spherical surface shall lie on the surface that
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the com-
contacts the specimen and on the machine axis. The spherical
pressive strength of carbon and graphite at room temperature.
surfaces shall be well-lubricated. The radius of the spherical
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
surface shall be equal to or greater than the radius of the test
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
specimen.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.3 Steel Contact Blocks may be used above or below the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
specimen, or both, to protect fixture and test machine surfaces
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
from damage, as illustrated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Contact block
2. Referenced Documents surfaces shall be plane and parallel to within 0.0005 in./in.
(0.0005 mm/mm).
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.4 All load-bearing machine and fixture surfaces shall have
C 709 Terminology Relating to Manufactured Carbon and
a minimum hardness of 45 HRC and surface finish of 16 µin.
Graphite
(0.4 µm) rms maximum. Surfaces in contact with the specimen
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
shall be flat to less than 0.0005 in./in. (0.0005 mm/mm).
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
5.5 Examples of arrangements of the load train are shown
ASTM Test Methods
schematically in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
E 691 PracticeforConductinganInterlaboratoryTestStudy
to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
6. Sampling
3. Terminology
6.1 Samples may be taken from locations and orientations
that satisfy the objectives of the test.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to manu-
factured carbon and graphite, see Terminology C 709.
7. Test Specimen
4. Significance and Use
7.1 The test specimen shall be a right cylinder with ends
machined to yield planar and parallel faces. These faces shall
4.1 Carbon and graphite can usually support higher loads in
be perpendicular to the cylindrical surface to within 0.001
compression than in any other mode of stress. This test,
in./in. (0.001 mm/mm) of diameter total indicator reading. All
therefore, provides a measure of the maximum load-bearing
surfaces shall have a surface finish visually comparable to 32
capability of carbon and graphite objects.
µin. (0.8 µm) rms or better. Reasonable care should be
5. Apparatus
exercisedtoassurethatalledgesaresharpandwithoutchipsor
other flaws.
5.1 Test Machine, conforming to Practice E 4 and to the
7.2 The diameter of the test specimen shall be greater than
requirementsforspeedoftestingprescribedinSection8ofthis
ten times the maximum particle size of the carbon or graphite.
test method.
The ratio of height to diameter may vary between 1.9 and 2.1.
5.2 Spherical Bearing Blocks attachedtotheupperorlower
The recommended minimum test specimen size is ⁄8 in. (9.5
head of the machine in such a manner that the spherical
mm) diameter by ⁄4 in. (19 mm) high.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on 8. Procedure
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
8.1 Center the specimen in the machine between the contact
D02.F on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products.
surfaces. The deviation of the specimen axis from the machine
Current edition approved Feb. 22, 1991. Published December 1991. Originally
published as C 695 – 71 T. Last previous edition C 695 – 81.
axis shall be less than 5 % of the specimen diameter. Centering
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05.
can be assisted by appropriate circles marked on the contact
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
4 surfaces.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
...

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5.1 The molten salt reactor is a nuclear reactor which uses graphite as reflector and structural material and fluoride molten salt as coolant. The graphite components will be submerged in the molten salt during the lifetime of the reactor. The porous structure of graphite may lead to molten salt permeation, which can affect the thermal and mechanical properties of graphite. Consequently, it is important to assess the effect of impregnation of molten salt on the properties of the as-manufactured graphite material.  
5.2 The purpose of this guide is to report considerations that should be included in the preparation of graphite specimens representative of that after exposure to a molten salt environment. The degree to which the molten salt will infiltrate the graphite will depend upon a number of factors, including the type of graphite and the type and extent of porosity, the properties of the molten salt, the impregnation pressure and temperature, and the duration of the exposure of the graphite to the molten salt.  
5.3 The user of this guide will need to select impregnation parameters sufficiently representative of those in a molten salt reactor based on parameters provided by the designer. Alternatively, the user may select a standard set of impregnation conditions to allow comparisons across a range of graphites.  
5.4 This guide is not intended to be prescriptive. A typical apparatus and associated procedure are described. Some indication of the sensitivity of the procedure to graphite type and impregnation conditions is given in He, et al.5  
5.5 There are four major practical issues that must be addressed during the impregnation process:  
5.5.1 The density of molten salt is greater than that of graphite. A specially designed tool is required to submerge graphite samples in the molten salt during the impregnation process.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the impregnation of graphite with molten salt under a consistent pressure and temperature. Such procedures are necessary if the user wishes to prepare graphite specimens for testing that represent material that has been exposed to a molten salt environment in a molten salt nuclear reactor. The user will need to ensure that impregnation temperature and pressure conditions reflect those pertaining to the molten salt environment, noting that the properties of the material will change once it becomes irradiated.
Note 1: The term impregnation is used throughout this guide as this is the correct term for the described process. Other terms such as infiltration and intrusion may be encountered by the user in other texts and the term intrusion is commonly used to describe penetration of open porosity in graphite in a molten salt reactor environment.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D8377-21a(Guide)
Standard Guide for High Temperature Strength Measurements of Graphite Impregnated with Molten Salt

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The Molten Salt Reactor is a nuclear reactor which uses graphite as reflector and structural material, and molten salt as coolant. The graphite components will be submerged in the molten salt during the lifetime of the reactor. The porous structure of graphite may lead to molten salt permeation, which can affect the thermal and mechanical properties of graphite. Consequently, it may be necessary to measure the various strengths of the manufactured graphite materials after impregnation with molten salt and before exposure to the reactor environment in a range of test configurations in order for designers or operators to assess their performance.
Note 1: Depending upon the salt selected for the reactor, there may be some chemical reaction between the salt and the graphite that could affect properties. The user should establish, prior to following this guide, that any interactions between the molten salt and graphite are understood and any implications for the validity of the strength tests have been assessed.  
5.2 For gas-cooled reactors, the strength of a graphite specimen is usually measured at room temperature. However, for molten salt reactors, the operating temperature of the reactor must be higher than the melting temperature of the salt, and so the salt will be in solid state at room temperature. Consequently, room temperature measurements may not be representative of the performance of the material at its true operating conditions. It is therefore necessary to measure the strength at an elevated temperature where the salt is in liquid form.
Note 2: Users should be aware that a small increase in graphite strength is expected with increasing temperature. Testing at the plant operating temperature will eliminate this small uncertainty.  
5.3 The purpose of this guide is to provide considerations, which should be included in testing graphite specimens impregnated with molten salt at elevated temperature.  
5.4 For the test results to be meaningful, the...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the best practice for strength measurements at elevated temperature of graphite impregnated with molten salt.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Carbon and graphite can usually support higher loads in compression than in any other mode of stress. This test, therefore, provides a measure of the maximum load-bearing capability of carbon and graphite objects.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the compressive strength of carbon and graphite at room temperature.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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