ASTM F3418-20

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3418 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Transition Temperatures of Slack Waxes
used in Equine Sports Surfaces by Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3418; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 The slack waxes typically used in equestrian surfaces
comprise a blend of different waxes and oils containing a D87 Test Method for Melting Point of Petroleum Wax
(Cooling Curve)
variety of hydrocarbons, chain lengths and structures.
D1160 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
1.2 The blend of wax and oil determines the mechanical
Reduced Pressure
properties of the surface material as well as the response of the
D3418 Test Method for Transition Temperatures and En-
wax to temperature. The combination of lower and higher
thalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by
carbon weight materials, oil content and hydrocarbon struc-
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
tures also control how the wax will change over time.
D4419 Test Method for Measurement of Transition Tem-
1.3 The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test is used
peratures of Petroleum Waxes by Differential Scanning
to determine temperature transitions and melting range of wax
Calorimetry (DSC)
samples. DSC can therefore demonstrate differences in heat
E472 Practice for Reporting Thermoanalytical Data (With-
flow rates between extracted wax samples. The wax samples
drawn 1995)
are extracted from samples of the surface materials and used in
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-
a standard test based on Test Method D4419 (1). This
ology
procedure involves thermal cycling of samples between –30
E474 Method for Evaluation of Temperature Scale for Dif-
and 94 °C using a known control.
ferential Thermal Analysis (Withdrawn 1986)
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), n—technique
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
in which the difference in energy inputs into a substance and a
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
reference material is measured as a function of temperature,
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
while the substance and a reference material are subjected to a
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
controlled temperature program.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—There are two modes of operation:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
power-compensation DSC and heat-flux DSC. That can be
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
distinguished depending on the method of measurement used.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
For additional background information refer to Practice E472,
Terminology E473, and Method E474.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Subcommittee F08.28 on Equestrian Surfaces. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2020. Published January 2020. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
F3418-20. the ASTM website.
2 4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
this standard. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F3418 − 20
4. Summary of Test Method 7. Apparatus
4.1 Separate samples of petroleum wax and a reference 7.1 Differential Scanning Calorimeter, operating in either
material or blank (a sample container filled with air) are heated power compensation or heat flux mode, capable of heating at
at a controlled rate in an inert atmosphere. A sensor continu- 10.0 6 1.0°C/min from –30.0°C to 150.0°C. Controlled
ously monitors the difference in heat flow to the two samples. cooling capability is preferred but not essential. The calorim-
The DSC curve is a record of this difference versus changes in eter must be able to automatically record the differential signal
temperature.Atransition in the wax involves the absorption of (WE orWT) versus temperature with a temperature repeatabil-
energy relative to the reference, resulting in an endothermic ity of 60.5°C. If the differential record is versus time, the
peak in the DSC curve. While the transition occurs over the calorimeter must have the capability to make a simultaneous
temperature range spanned by the base of the peak, the record of temperature versus time.
temperature associated with the peak apex is designated the
7.2 Sample Pans, of aluminum or other metal of high
nominal transition temperature (Note 1).
thermal conductivity, excluding copper and its alloys.
NOTE 1—Test Method D87 also monitors energy transfer between wax
7.3 Reference Material—Glass beads, alumina powder, sili-
and a standard environment. The highest temperature DSC transition may
con carbide, or any material known to be unaffected by
differ from the melting point because the two methods approach the
repeated heating and cooling and free from interfering transi-
solid/liquid phase transition from different directions.
tions. The specific heat capacity of the reference should be as
5. Significance and Use
close as possible to that of the test material.
5.1 DSC is a convenient and rapid method for determining
7.4 Recorder, capable of recording heat flow versus tem-
the temperature limits within which a wax undergoes during
perature.
transitions. The highest temperature transition is a solid-liquid
transition associated with complete melting; it can guide the 8. Reagents and Materials
choice of wax binders used in synthetic equine sports surfaces,
8.1 Nitrogen, or other dry inert gas supply for flushing the
provide information on the effect of operational track tempera-
sample compartment.
tures on binder melting, as well as giving indications of
changes in the binder over time. The solid-solid temperature
9. Specimen Preparation
transition is related to the properties of the solid, that is,
9.1 To ensure homogeneity, completely melt the entire
hardness and blocking temperature, although these slack wax-
sample by heating it to 10.0°C above the temperature at which
wax based binders typically contain oil contents greater that 20
the wax is completely liquid. Using a clean transfer pipet,
% by mass and consequently are not in a hardened state unless
transferafewdropstothesurfaceofacleansheetofaluminum
subjected to very cold temperatures (well below –17 °C).
foil to form a thin wax film. Separate the wax from the foil and
NOTE 2—For a relatively narrow cut petroleum wax, the lowest
break it into pieces.
transitionwillbeasolid-solidtransition.Anarrowcutwaxisoneobtained
9.2 The specimen weight and test procedure should be those
byde-oilingasinglepetroleumdistillatewithamaximumrangeof49°CF
specified in Section 10, except that the pre-cycle (11.3)is
betweenits5and95%volinaccordancewithTestMethodD1160boiling
points (converted to 760 torr). The DSC method cannot differentiate
omitted.
between solid-liquid and solid-solid transitions. Such information must be
predetermined by other techniques. In the case of ble
...