ASTM F414-00

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Designation: F 414 – 00
Standard Test Method for
Energy Absorbed by a Tire When Deformed by a Slow-
Moving Plunger
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 414; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope identify a given size tire with its load and inflation limits when
used in a specific type of service. (F 538)
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tire
3.1.4 load rating [M], n—the maximum load a tire is rated
plunger energy required to completely penetrate the tread area
to carry for a given usage at a specific cold inflation pressure.
of an inflated tire as indicated by a rupture, loss of inflation
(F 538)
pressure, sudden drop in plunger force or bottom-out. The test
3.1.5 maximum load rating [M], n—of a passenger tire, the
requires utilization of a laboratory testing machine equipped
load rating at the maximum permissible cold inflation pressure
with a slow-moving plunger which has a hemispherical end.
for that tire. (F 538)
1.2 This test method is applicable to pneumatic tires for
3.1.6 bottom out, v—to deform a tire by radial load on the
vehicles normally used on the road.
tread until radial movement of the inside surface is stopped by
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
the rim or other tire inside surface. (F 538)
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
3.1.7 plunger, n—in tire testing, a cylindrical rod with a
information only.
hemispherical end. (F 538)
2 2
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.8 nominal plunger energy, ⁄2 [ML /T ], n—in tire
testing, one half of the product of a peak force (required to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
rupture the tire structure in tread area) and maximum plunger
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
travel into a tire at the time of rupture. (F 538)
E 380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units
3.1.9 maximum plunger travel [L], n—in tire testing, the
(SI) (the Modernized Metric System)
relative displacement of tread surface by a plunger, measured
F 538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Per-
from the point of initial contact of the plunger with the tread
formance of Tires
surface to the point of maximum force at rupture or at the
F 1082 Practice for Tires—Determining Precision for Test
bottom-out point. (F 538)
Method Standards
4. Summary of Test Method
3. Terminology
4.1 This test method measures tire plunger energy required
3.1 Definitions:
to force a cylindrical plunger with a hemispherical end into the
3.1.1 groove, n—a void that is relatively narrow compared
tread of the tire to produce a rupture of the carcass.
to its length. (F 538)
3.1.2 void, n—a volume (in the annular tread band) defined
5. Significance and Use
by the lack of rubber; the depth dimension of this volume may
5.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure of test
vary from point to point in (on) the tread band. (F 538)
and provides data that can be related to tire strength, but does
3.1.3 load range, n—a letter designation (A, B, C, D) or, for
not measure tire performance or establish specification or
P-metric tires, standard load (SL) or extra load (XL), used to
tolerances.
1 6. Apparatus
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tires
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F9.30 on Laboratory (Non-
6.1 Testing Machine that incorporates a cylindrical plunger,
Vehicular) Testing.
which can be forced, at 50 6 5 mm/min (2.0 6 0.2 in./min)
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2000. Published January 2001. Originally
radially into a tread of a tire, while the force and plunger
published as F 414 – 75. Last previous edition F 414 – 96.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
motion are indicated or recorded.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.02.
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F414–00
TABLE 1 Plunger Diameter
8. Conditioning
A
Tire Load Identification Tire Characteristics Plunger Diameter, mm (in.)
8.1 The ambient temperature for tire conditioning and in the
A, B, C Motorcycle 7.9 6 0.1 (0.313 6 0.005)
test area shall be any known temperature between 18 and 40°C
A, B, C, D, SL, XL, All 12-in. or smaller 19.0 6 0.1 (0.750 6 0.005)
(65 and 105°F) for passenger car tires and 21°C (70°F) for
E, F rim, except
other tires.
motorcycle
B, C, D, SL, XL, T Passenger car 19.06 0.1 (0.750 6 0.005)
8.2 The test tire, after being mounted on a test rim and
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, Light truck 19.0 6 0.1 (0.750 6 0.005)
inflated to the applicable test pressure, shall remain at the
H
ambient temperature of the test room for at least 3 h prior to
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, 17.5-in. or smaller 19.0 6 0.1 (0.750 6 0.005)
H rim, tubeless
testing.
C, D, E, F Larger than 17.5-in. 31.8 6 0.1 (1.250 6 0.005)
rim, tubeless
9. Procedure
C, D, E, F Larger than 17.5-in. 31.8 6 0.1 (1.250 6 0.005)
rim, tube type 9.1 Mount the tire on a test rim and inflate the tire with air
G, H, J, L, M, N Larger than 17.5-in. 38.1 6 0.1 (1.500 6 0.005)
to the pressure as specified in Table 2 when testing passenger
rim, tubeless
car tires or corresponding to the maximum load or maximum
G, H, J Larger than 17.5-in. 38.1 6 0.1 (1.500 6 0.005)
rim, tube type
dual load where there is both a single and dual load marked on
A
the tire for all other type tires. The inflation pressure tolerance
Temporary use 60-psi tires and standard load and extra load “P metric’’ tires
are described as T, SL, and XL. All other letter designations refer to load range.
shall be 63.5 kPa (0.5 psi). Condition the mounted tire in
accordance with 8.1 and 8.2.
9.1.1 Table 2 provides the inflation pressure to use when
6.1.1 The force-indicating device shall have an accuracy of
testing various passenger car tire sizes. There are three com-
61 % of the indicated force and shall reflect an instantaneous
mon styles for tire size designators in current use; each style is
change in force from zero to full scale in no more than 3.0 s.
listed in separate sections of the table.
6.1.2 Relative plunger travel distance shall be indicated to
9.1.1.1 Atire size designator in the “P” style uses the single
an accuracy of 61 % of the distance from the original
letter “P” followed by a number identifying a width, a slash (/),
undeformed tire tread surface, taking into account any motion
a number identifying the aspect ratio, a hyphen, and another
or deflection of the force-measuring mechanism or supporting
number indicating the rim size code.
devices.
9.1.1.2 Atire size designator in the alphanumeric style uses
6.2 Means for Calibration of the Testing Machine, for
a single letter (other than P or T) followed by a number
plunger force, plunger travel, and rate of plunger travel is
identifying an aspect ratio, a hyphen, and another number
necessary.
indicating the rim size code.
6.3 Calibrating Weights or Other Calibrating Devices, con-
9.1.1.3 Atire size designator in the “T” style uses the single
forming to Practices E 4, are required for verification of
leter “T” followed by a number identifying a width, a slash (/),
calibration.
a number identifying the aspect ratio, a hyphen, and another
6.4 Means for Mounting a Tire on a Test Rim, and mounting
number indicating the rim size code.
the test assembly on the testing machine is necessary.
9.2 An inner tube of the same size as the tire shall be used
6.5 Test Rims, with dimensions as shown in the Tire and
for all measurements on tube-type tires and may be used in
Rim Association Year Books , current issue, or as listed in a
tubeless-type tires.
publication by the tire manufacturer, are necessary.
9.3 Select a plunger of diameter specified in Table 1 and
6.6 Plunger (Circular Cylinder), having a diameter as
properly secure the plunger to the testing machine.
shown in Table 1 for the tire being tested, and having the
9.4 Clean the plunger prior to each test using a clean soft
working end in the shape of a hemisphere, hardened to a
cloth and a water soluble rubber lubricant or water miscible
minimum Rockwell hardness 35 HRC, and polished to a
16-µin. (0.50-µm) finish or better with no visible tool marks, is
TABLE 2 Passenger Car Tire Plunger Energy Test Inflation
required. It must be long enough to penetrate from the
A
Pressure
undeformed tire tread surface to the bottom-out condition.
B C
Test Inflation Maximum Inflation
Tire Load Identification
psi (kPa) psi (kPa)
7. Sampling
Alphanumeric type tires
7.1 A sample is one or more tires taken from a lot as
Load range B 24 (165) 32 (220)
Load range C 28 (195) 36 (250)
directed in any applicable specification,
...