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ASTM D7400-07

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Downhole Seismic Testing

Standard Test Methods for Downhole Seismic Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The seismic downhole method provides a designer with information pertinent to the seismic wave velocities of the materials in question (1). The P-wave and S-wave velocities are directly related to the important geotechnical elastic constants of Poisson’s ratio, shear modulus, bulk modulus, and Young’s modulus. Accurate in-situ P-wave and S-wave velocity profiles are essential in geotechnical foundation designs. These parameters are used in both analyses of soil behavior under both static and dynamic loads where the elastic constants are input variables into the models defining the different states of deformations such as elastic, elasto-plastic, and failure. Another important use of estimated shear wave velocities in geotechnical design is in the liquefaction assessment of soils.
A fundamental assumption inherent in the test methods is that a laterally homogeneous medium is being characterized. In a laterally homogeneous medium the source wave train trajectories adhere to Snell’s law of refraction and Fermat’s principle of least time. Another assumption inherent in the test methods is that the stratigraphic medium to be characterized can have transverse isotropy. Transverse isotropy is a particularly simple form of anisotropy because velocities only vary with vertical incidence angle and not with azimuth.
Note 1—The quality of the results produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are limited to the determination of the interval velocities from arrival times and relative arrival times of compression (P) and vertically (SV) and horizontally (SH) polarized shear (S) seismic waves which are generated near surface and travel down to an array of vertically installed seismic sensors. A preferred method intended to obtain data for use on critical projects where the highest quality data is required is included. Also included is an optional method intended for use on projects which do not require measurements of a high degree of precision.
1.2 Various applications of the data will be addressed and acceptable procedures and equipment, such as seismic sources, receivers, and recording systems will be discussed. Other items addressed include source-to-receiver spacing, drilling, casing, grouting, a procedure for borehole installation, and borehole and seismic cone actual test conduct. Data reduction and interpretation is limited to the identification of various seismic wave types, apparent velocity relation to true velocity, example computations, use of Snell's law of refraction, and assumptions.
1.3 There are several acceptable devices that can be used to generate a high-quality P or SV source wave or both and SH source waves. Several types of commercially available receivers and recording systems can also be used to conduct an acceptable downhole survey. Special consideration should be given to the types of receivers used and their configuration. Heavily-damped sensors should not be used so that spectral smearing, phase shifting, and latency response between sensors is avoided. These test methods primarily concern the actual test procedure, data interpretation, and specifications for equipment which will yield uniform test results.
1.4 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in these test methods are regarded as the industry stand...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2007
ICS
17.160 - Vibrations, shock and vibration measurements
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.09 - Cyclic and Dynamic Properties of Soils
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7400-08 - Standard Test Methods for Downhole Seismic Testing
Effective Date
01-Jun-2008
Referred By
ASTM D420-18 - Standard Guide for Site Characterization for Engineering Design and Construction Purposes
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM D5778-20 - Standard Test Method for Electronic Friction Cone and Piezocone Penetration Testing of Soils
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007

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ASTM D7400-07 - Standard Test Methods for Downhole Seismic TestingASTM D7400-07 - Standard Test Methods for Downhole Seismic Testing
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ASTM D7400-07 - Standard Test Methods for Downhole Seismic Testing
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D7400–07
Standard Test Methods for
1
Downhole Seismic Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7400; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
recorded and calculated in these test methods are regarded as
1.1 These test methods are limited to the determination of
theindustrystandard.Inaddition,theyarerepresentativeofthe
the interval velocities from arrival times and relative arrival
significant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-
times of compression (P) and vertically (SV) and horizontally
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
(SH) polarized shear (S) seismic waves which are generated
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
near surface and travel down to an array of vertically installed
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
seismic sensors.Apreferred method intended to obtain data for
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
use on critical projects where the highest quality data is
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
required is included. Also included is an optional method
of these test methods to consider significant digits used in
intended for use on projects which do not require measure-
analysis methods for engineering design.
ments of a high degree of precision.
1.4.2 Measurements made to more significant digits or
1.2 Various applications of the data will be addressed and
better sensitivity than specified in these test methods shall not
acceptable procedures and equipment, such as seismic sources,
be regarded a nonconformance with this standard.
receivers,andrecordingsystemswillbediscussed.Otheritems
1.5 This standard is written using SI units. Inch-pound units
addressed include source-to-receiver spacing, drilling, casing,
are provided for convenience. The values stated in inch pound
grouting, a procedure for borehole installation, and borehole
units may not be exact equivalents; therefore, they shall be
and seismic cone actual test conduct. Data reduction and
used independently of the SI system. Combining values from
interpretation is limited to the identification of various seismic
the two systems may result in nonconformance with this
wavetypes,apparentvelocityrelationtotruevelocity,example
standard.
computations, use of Snell’s law of refraction, and assump-
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
tions.
when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
1.3 There are several acceptable devices that can be used to
(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass
generate a high-quality P or SV source wave or both and SH
isslugs.Therationalizedslugunitisnotgiven,unlessdynamic
source waves. Several types of commercially available receiv-
(F = ma) calculations are involved.
ers and recording systems can also be used to conduct an
1.5.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction
acceptable downhole survey. Special consideration should be
profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit
given to the types of receivers used and their configuration.
of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two
Heavily-damped sensors should not be used so that spectral
separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the
smearing,phaseshifting,andlatencyresponsebetweensensors
gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine
isavoided.Thesetestmethodsprimarilyconcerntheactualtest
the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single
procedure,datainterpretation,andspecificationsforequipment
standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational
which will yield uniform test results.
system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug
1.4 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the
unit for mass. However, the use of balances or scales recording
guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
3
pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft shall not
D 6026.
be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.09 on Cyclic and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Dynamic Properties of Soils.
Current ed
...

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Standard Test Methods for Downhole Seismic Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The seismic downhole method provides a designer with information pertinent to the seismic wave velocities of the materials in question (1)3. The P-wave and S-wave velocities are directly related to the important geotechnical elastic constants of Poisson’s ratio, shear modulus, bulk modulus, and Young’s modulus. Accurate in-situ P-wave and S-wave velocity profiles are essential in geotechnical foundation designs. These parameters are used in both analyses of soil behavior under both static and dynamic loads where the elastic constants are input variables into the models defining the different states of deformations such as elastic, elasto-plastic, and failure. Another important use of estimated shear wave velocities in geotechnical design is in the liquefaction assessment of soils.  
5.2 A fundamental assumption inherent in the test methods is that a laterally homogeneous medium is being characterized. In a laterally homogeneous medium the source wave train trajectories adhere to Snell’s law of refraction. Another assumption inherent in the test methods is that the stratigraphic medium to be characterized can have transverse isotropy. Transverse isotropy is a particularly simple form of anisotropy because velocities only vary with vertical incidence angle and not with azimuth. By placing and actuating the seismic source at offsets rotated 90° in plan view, it may be possible to confirm that a more complex model is needed to evaluate the field data.  
5.3 In soft saturated soil, where the P-wave velocity of the soil is less than the P-wave velocity of water, which is about 1450 m/s [4750 ft/s], the P-wave velocity measurement will primarily be controlled by the P-wave velocity of water and a direct measurement of the soil P-wave velocity will not be possible.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities. Agencies that meet the crit...
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1.1 These test methods address compression (P) and shear (S) waves propagating in the downward direction in a nearly vertical plane. The seismic waves can be denoted as PV or PZ for a downward propagating compression wave and as SVH or SZX for downward propagating and horizontally polarized shear wave. The SVH or SZX is also referred to as an SH wave. These test methods are limited to the determination of the interval velocities from arrival times and relative arrival times of compression (P) waves and vertically (SV) and horizontally (SH) oriented shear (S) seismic waves which are generated near surface and travel down to an array of vertically installed seismic sensors. Two methods are discussed, which include using either one or two downhole sensors (receivers).  
1.2 Various applications of the data will be addressed and acceptable procedures and equipment, such as seismic sources, receivers, and recording systems will be discussed. Other items addressed include source-to-receiver spacing, drilling, casing, grouting, a procedure for borehole installation, and conducting actual borehole and seismic cone tests. Data reduction and interpretation is limited to the identification of various seismic wave types, apparent velocity relation to true velocity, example computations, use of Snell's law of refraction, and assumptions.  
1.3 There are several acceptable devices that can be used to generate a high-quality P or SV source wave or both and SH source waves. Several types of commercially available receivers and recording systems can also be used to conduct an acceptable downhole survey. Special consideration should be given to the types of receivers used and their configuration to provide an output that accurately reflects the input motion. These test methods primarily concern the actual test procedure, data interpretation, and specifications for equipment which will yield uniform test results.  
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5.1 PCRT Applications and Capabilities—PCRT has been applied successfully to a wide range of outlier screening applications in the manufacture and maintenance of metallic and non-metallic parts. Examples of anomalies detected are discussed in 1.1. PCRT has been shown to provide cost effective and accurate outlier screening solutions in many industries including automotive, aerospace, and power generation. Examples of successful applications currently employed in commercial use include, but are not limited to:
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The seismic downhole method provides a designer with information pertinent to the seismic wave velocities of the materials in question (1)3. The P-wave and S-wave velocities are directly related to the important geotechnical elastic constants of Poisson’s ratio, shear modulus, bulk modulus, and Young’s modulus. Accurate in-situ P-wave and S-wave velocity profiles are essential in geotechnical foundation designs. These parameters are used in both analyses of soil behavior under both static and dynamic loads where the elastic constants are input variables into the models defining the different states of deformations such as elastic, elasto-plastic, and failure. Another important use of estimated shear wave velocities in geotechnical design is in the liquefaction assessment of soils.  
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3.1 This guide is meant to aid response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events.  
3.2 This guide should be adapted to site specific circumstance.
SCOPE
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ASTM
ASTM B637-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Precipitation-Hardening and Cold Worked Nickel Alloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for Moderate or High Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. Chemical analysis shall be performed on the alloy and shall conform to the chemical composition requirement in carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, columbium, tantalum, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, boron, iron, copper, and nickel. The material shall follow recommended annealing treatment, solution treatment, stabilizing treatment, and precipitation hardening treatment. Tension testing, hardness testing and stress-rupture testing shall be performed on the material and shall comply to the required tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction in area, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for moderate or high temperature service (Table 1).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Technical specification
    7 pages
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ASTM
ASTM D8139-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Semi-Rigid, Closed-Cell Polypropylene Foam, Preformed Expansion Joint Fillers for Concrete Paving and Structural Construction

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers preformed expansion joint fillers made from closed-cell polypropylene foam materials having suitable compressibility, recovery from compression, nonextruding, and weather-resistant characteristics.  
1.1.1 Type I, closed-cell polypropylene foam.  
1.2 These joint fillers are intended for use in concrete pavements in full-depth joints. There are several variations in size with typical thicknesses of 1/2 in. (12.7 mm), 3/4 in. (19.05 mm), and 1 in. (25.4 mm); typical widths of 31/2 in. (88.9 mm), 4 in. (101.6 mm), 5 in. (127 mm), 6 in. (152.5 mm), 7 in. (177.8 mm), 8 in. (203.2 mm), or 48 in. (1.2 m) sheet; and typical lengths of 5 ft (1.52 m) and 10 ft (3.05 m).  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language
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  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off