iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM D7663-11

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Active Soil Gas Sampling in the Vadose Zone for Vapor Intrusion Evaluations

Standard Practice for Active Soil Gas Sampling in the Vadose Zone for Vapor Intrusion Evaluations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Soil-gas sampling results can be dependent on numerous factors both within and outside the control of the sampling personnel. Key variables are identified and briefly discussed below. Please see the documents listed in the Bibliography for more detailed information on the effect of various variables.
Application—The techniques described in this standard practice are suitable for collecting samples for subsequent analysis for VOCs by US EPA Method TO-15, US EPA Method TO-17, Test Method D5466, Practice D6196, or other VOC methods (for example, ISO 16017-1, US EPA Methods TO-3 and TO-12). In general, off-site analysis is employed when data are needed for input to a human health risk assessment and low- or sub-ppbv analytical sensitivity is required. On-site analysis typically has lesser analytical sensitivity and tends to be employed for screening level studies. The techniques also may prove useful for analytical categories other than VOCs, such as methane, ammonia, mercury, or hydrogen sulfide (See Test Method D5504).
Limitations:
This method only addresses collection of gas-phase species. Less volatile compounds, such as SVOCs, may be present in the environment both in the gas phase and sorbed onto particulate matter. In soil gas, the gas-phase fraction is the primary concern. In other potential sampling locations (for example, ambient or indoor air), however, sampling for the particulate phase fraction may also be of interest.
The data produced using this method should be representative of the soil gas concentrations in the geological materials in the immediate vicinity of the sample probe or well at the time of sample collection (that is, they represent a point-in-time and point-in-space measurement). The degree to which these data are representative of any larger areas or different times depends on numerous site-specific factors.
Effect of Purging of Dead Space—If a soil gas probe is to be sampled soon after installation, the gas within the probe and...
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—This practice covers standardized techniques for actively collecting soil gas samples from the vadose zone beneath or near dwellings and other buildings.
1.2 Objectives—Objectives guiding the development of this practice are: (1) to synthesize and put in writing good commercial and customary practice for soil gas sampling, (2) to provide an industry standard for soil gas sampling performed in support of vapor intrusion evaluations that is practical and reasonable.
1.3 This practice allows a variety of techniques to be used for collecting soil gas samples because different techniques may offer certain advantages for specific applications. Three techniques are presented: sampling at discrete depths, sampling over a small screened interval, and sampling using permanent vapor monitoring wells.
1.4 Some of the recommendations require knowledge of pressure differential and tracer gas concentration measurements.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units are shown for information only.
1.6 This practice does not address requirements of any federal, state, or local regulations or guidance, or both, with respect to soil gas sampling. Users are cautioned that federal, state, and local guidance may impose specific requirements that differ from those of this practice.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM practice is not intended to represent...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Apr-2011
ICS
75.060 - Natural gas
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.21 - Groundwater and Vadose Zone Investigations
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7663-12 - Standard Practice for Active Soil Gas Sampling in the Vadose Zone for Vapor Intrusion Evaluations
Effective Date
15-Mar-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7648/D7648M-18 - Standard Practice for Active Soil Gas Sampling for Direct Push or Manual-Driven Hand-Sampling Equipment
Effective Date
15-Apr-2011
Referred By
ASTM E2993-16 - Standard Guide for Evaluating Potential Hazard as a Result of Methane in the Vadose Zone
Effective Date
15-Apr-2011

Buy Standard

ASTM D7663-11 - Standard Practice for Active Soil Gas Sampling in the Vadose Zone for Vapor Intrusion EvaluationsASTM D7663-11 - Standard Practice for Active Soil Gas Sampling in the Vadose Zone for Vapor Intrusion Evaluations
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM D7663-11 - Standard Practice for Active Soil Gas Sampling in the Vadose Zone for Vapor Intrusion Evaluations
English language
13 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7663 − 11
StandardPractice for
Active Soil Gas Sampling in the Vadose Zone for Vapor
1
Intrusion Evaluations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7663; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM practice is not
intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which
1.1 Purpose—This practice covers standardized techniques
the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,
for actively collecting soil gas samples from the vadose zone
nor should this document be applied without consideration of
beneath or near dwellings and other buildings.
a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the
1.2 Objectives—Objectives guiding the development of this
title means only that the document has been approved through
practice are: (1) to synthesize and put in writing good com-
the ASTM consensus process.
mercial and customary practice for soil gas sampling, (2) to
provideanindustrystandardforsoilgassamplingperformedin
2. Referenced Documents
support of vapor intrusion evaluations that is practical and 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
reasonable.
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
1.3 This practice allows a variety of techniques to be used Fluids
for collecting soil gas samples because different techniques
D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
may offer certain advantages for specific applications. Three Water Pycnometer
techniquesarepresented:samplingatdiscretedepths,sampling
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
over a small screened interval, and sampling using permanent Atmospheres
vapor monitoring wells.
D1946 Practice for Analysis of Reformed Gas by Gas
Chromatography
1.4 Some of the recommendations require knowledge of
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination ofWater
pressure differential and tracer gas concentration measure-
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
ments.
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
standard. Other units are shown for information only.
D3404 Guide for Measuring Matric Potential in Vadose
1.6 This practice does not address requirements of any Zone Using Tensiometers
federal, state, or local regulations or guidance, or both, with D4696 Guide for Pore-Liquid Sampling from the Vadose
respect to soil gas sampling. Users are cautioned that federal, Zone
state, and local guidance may impose specific requirements D4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
that differ from those of this practice. D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
Used at Waste Sites
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Monitoring Wells
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D5314 Guide for Soil Gas Monitoring in the Vadose Zone
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Chemicals inAtmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodol-
1.8 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
ogy)
one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
D5504 TestMethodforDeterminationofSulfurCompounds
educationorexperienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwith
in Natural Gas and Gaseous Fuels by Gas Chromatogra-
professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be
phy and Chemiluminescence
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
2
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Vadose Zone Investigations. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved April 15, 2011. Published May 2011. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D7663-11. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7663 − 11
D6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and equipmentblanksareusedtocheckthecleanlinessofsampling
Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Or- devices and the thoroughness of the cleaning procedure.
ganic Compounds in Air
3.2.12 field bl
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM D7648/D7648M-18(Practice)
Standard Practice for Active Soil Gas Sampling for Direct Push or Manual-Driven Hand-Sampling Equipment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Soil gas is simply the gas phase (air) that exists in the open spaces between soil particles in the unsaturated portion of the vadose zone. VOCs can potentially migrate through the soil, or ground water, or both, and present an impact to the environment and human health.
Note 1: Not all VOCs in soil gas are due to spills or leaks. Simple VOCs, such as acetone, methanol, and ethanol may also arise from natural biological processes.  
5.2 Application of Soil Gas Surveys—Soil gas surveying offers an effective, quick and cost-effective method of detecting volatile contaminants in the vadose zone. Soil gas surveying has been demonstrated to be effective for selection of suitable and representative samples for other more costly and definitive investigative methods. This method is highly useful at the initiation of the preliminary site investigation for determining the existence and extent of volatile or semi volatile organic contamination, and determination of location of highest concentrations, as well as, monitoring the effectiveness of on-going remedial activities (D6196).  
5.3 Samples are collected by inserting a sampling device into a borehole with hydraulically-driven direct push drilling or manually-driven driven hand sampling equipment (see Note 2).
Note 2: Soil gas sampling can be performed beneath impervious surfaces, such as concrete slabs or pavement by drilling or boring through the surface.  
5.4 Soil gas surveys can be performed over a wide range of spatial designs. Spatial designs include soil gas sampling in profiles or grid patterns at a single depth or multiple depths. Multiple depth sampling is particularly useful for contaminant determinations in cases with complex soil type distribution and multiple sources. Depth profiling can also be useful in the determination of the most appropriate depth(s) at which to monitor soil gas, as well as the demonstration of migration and degradation processes in the vadose zone.  
5.5 Soil gas surveys are...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice details the collection of active soil gas samples using a variety of sample collection techniques with tooling associated with direct push drilling (DP) or manual-driven hand-sampling equipment, for the express purpose of conducting soil gas surveys.  
1.2 This practice proceeds on the premise that soil gas surveys are primarily used for two (2) purposes: 1) as a preliminary site investigative tool and 2) for the monitoring of ongoing remediation activities (D7663).  
1.3 The practicality of field use demands that soil gas surveys are relatively accurate, as well as being simple, quick, and inexpensive. This guide suggests that the objective of soil gas surveys is linked to three factors:  
1.3.1 VOC detection and quantitation, including determination of depth of VOC contamination.  
1.3.2 Sample retrieval ease and time.  
1.3.3 Cost.  
1.4 This practice may increase the awareness of a fundamental difference between soil gas sampling for the purpose of soil gas surveys versus sub-slab or vapor intrusion investigations or both. Specifically, the purpose of a soil gas survey is to provide quick and inexpensive data to the investigator that will allow the investigator to 1) develop a site investigation plan that is strategic in its efforts, 2) determine success or progress of on-going remedial activities, or 3) select the most suitable subsequent investigation equipment, or combinations thereof. On the other hand, the objective of soil gas sampling for sub-slab and vapor intrusion investigations is not preliminary, but rather the end result of the site investigation or long-term precise monitoring. As such, stringent sampling methods and protocol are necessary for precise samples and data collection.  
1.5 Details included in this practice include a broad spectrum of practices and applications of soil gas surveys, including:  
1.5.1 Sample recovery and handling,  
1.5.2 Sample analysis,  
1.5.3 D...

  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7663-12(2018)e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Active Soil Gas Sampling in the Vadose Zone for Vapor Intrusion Evaluations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Soil-gas sampling results can be dependent on numerous factors both within and outside the control of the sampling personnel. Key variables are identified and briefly discussed below. Please see the documents listed in the Bibliography for more detailed information on the effect of various variables.  
5.2 Application—The techniques described in this standard practice are suitable for collecting samples for subsequent analysis for VOCs by US EPA Method TO-15, US EPA Method TO-17, Test Method D5466, Practice D6196, ISO 16017-1, or other VOC methods (for example, US EPA Methods TO-3 and TO-12). In general, off-site analysis is employed when data are needed for input to a human health risk assessment and low- or sub-ppbv analytical sensitivity is required. On-site analysis typically has lesser analytical sensitivity and tends to be employed for screening level studies. The techniques also may prove useful for analytical categories other than VOCs, such as methane, ammonia, mercury, or hydrogen sulfide (See Test Method D5504).  
5.3 Limitations:  
5.3.1 This method only addresses collection of gas-phase species. Less volatile compounds, such as SVOCs, may be present in the environment both in the gas phase and sorbed onto particulate matter, as well as in liquid phase. In soil gas, the gas-phase fraction is the primary concern. In other potential sampling locations (for example, ambient or indoor air), however, sampling for the particulate phase fraction may also be of interest.  
5.3.2 The data produced using this method should be representative of the soil gas concentrations in the geological materials in the immediate vicinity of the sample probe or well at the time of sample collection (that is, they represent a point-in-time and point-in-space measurement). The degree to which these data are representative of any larger areas or different times depends on numerous site-specific factors.  
5.4 Effect of Purging of Dead Space—If a soil gas probe is to be sa...
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—This practice covers standardized techniques for actively collecting soil gas samples from the vadose zone beneath or near dwellings and other buildings.  
1.2 Objectives—Objectives guiding the development of this practice are: (1) to synthesize and put in writing good commercial and customary practice for active soil gas sampling, (2) to provide an industry standard for soil gas sampling performed in support of vapor intrusion evaluations that is practical and reasonable.  
1.3 This practice allows a variety of techniques to be used for collecting soil gas samples because different techniques may offer certain advantages for specific applications. Three techniques are presented: sampling at discrete depths, sampling over a small screened interval, and sampling using permanent vapor monitoring wells.  
1.4 Some of the recommendations require knowledge of pressure differential and tracer gas concentration measurements.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as standard. Other units are shown for information only.  
1.6 This practice does not address requirements of any local, regional, state, provincial, or national regulations or guidance, or both, with respect to soil gas sampling. Users are cautioned that local, regional, state, provincial, or national guidance may impose specific requirements that differ from those of this practice.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applic...

  • Standard
    15 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D8251-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Compressor Oil Carryover in Compressed Natural Gas Used as a Natural Gas Motor Vehicle Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Uncontrolled oil carryover from lubricated natural gas compressors can adversely affect natural gas vehicle (NGV) performance. In some instances, small amounts of oil will accumulate in vehicle pressure regulators and slow their response. It can also affect other components of the engine fueling system. Erratic engine performance, under fueling, or engine shutdown can occur. Such incidents have been reported by operators of NGV fueling stations and vehicles.  
5.2 There is some vaporization of the lubrication (lube) oil that occurs due to compression of the gas. The oil vapor in CNG can be collected using a sorbent tube and quantified. Along with quantification of lube oil, this procedure can collect solids present in the gas.  
5.3 These methods do not separate any solids including siloxane from the compressor oil carryover or vapor.  
5.4 This practice can be applied to other gaseous samples requiring determination of compressor oil carryover provided the user’s data quality objectives are satisfied.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard practice is intended for gravimetric determination of compressor oil carryover as aerosols using either a coalescing filter method or sorbent tube method.  
1.2 The method using coalescing filters is applicable to analysis of compressor or lube oil carryover as a liquid and is intended for long term monitoring of a compressed natural gas (CNG) dispenser system.  
1.3 The method using a sorbent tube is applicable to analysis of compressor or lube oil carryover as a vapor and liquid in CNG dispenser systems present at 1 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg in a sample volume of 0.2 m3 to 0.6 m3. This method is applicable to a measurement intended to replicate the filling of a vehicle.  
1.4 This standard shall be applicable to natural gas, biogas, or renewable natural gas (RNG) that is compressed for use as a fuel for internal combustion engines in motor vehicles.  
1.5 This standard shall be applicable to natural gas, biogas, or renewable natural gas when they have been blended with hydrogen and have been compressed for use as a fuel for internal combustion engines in motor vehicles.  
1.6 The user shall determine if the volumetric measuring elements of the dispensing system are adjusted for the composition of gaseous fuel blends being delivered and those volumetric measuring elements correctly calculate the volume of fuel delivered. The users shall apply appropriate correction factors if necessary.  
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.8 Mention of trade names or organizations in this standard does not constitute endorsement or recommendation. Other manufacturers of equipment or equipment models can be used.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7800/D7800M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Elemental Sulfur in Natural Gas

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Elemental sulfur impacts the quality of pipeline natural gas and deposits on pipeline flanges, fittings and valves, thereby impacting their performance. Natural gas suppliers and distributers require a standardized test method for measuring elemental sulfur. Some government regulators are also interested in measuring elemental sulfur since it would provide a means for assessing the contribution of elemental sulfur in pipelines to the SOx emission inventory from burning of gaseous fuels. Use of this method in concert with sulfur gas laboratory test methods such as Test Methods D4084, D4468, D5504, and D6228 or on-line methods such as D7165 or D7166 can provide users with a comprehensive sulfur compound profile for natural gas or other gaseous fuels. Other applications may include elemental sulfur in particulate deposits such as diesel exhausts.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is primarily for the determination of elemental sulfur in natural gas pipelines, but it may be applied to other gaseous fuel pipelines and applications provided the user has validated its suitability for use. The detection range for elemental sulfur, reported as sulfur, is 0.0018 mg/L to 30 mg/L. The results may also be reported in units of mg/kg or ppm.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    13 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D4784-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Liquefied Natural Gas Density Calculation Models

ABSTRACT
This specification covers LNG density calculation models for use in the calculation or prediction of the densities of saturated liquefied natural gas (LNG) mixtures at a specified temperature range given the pressure, temperature, and composition of the mixture. Composition restrictions for the LNGs are given for methane, nitrogen, n-butane, i-butane, and pentanes. It is assumed that hydrocarbons with carbon numbers of six or greater are not present in the LNG solution. The mathematical models presented here are the extended corresponding states model, hard sphere model, revised Klosek and McKinley model, and the cell model.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) density calculation models for use in the calculation or prediction of the densities of saturated LNG mixtures from 90K to 120K to within 0.1 % of true values given the pressure, temperature, and composition of the mixture.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D8098-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Permanent Gases in C2 and C3 Hydrocarbon Products by Gas Chromatography and Pulse Discharge Helium Ionization Detector

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The presence of trace amounts of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide can have deleterious effects in certain processes using hydrocarbon products as feed stock. This test method is suitable for setting specifications, for use as an internal quality control tool, and for use in development and research work.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide in the parts per billion mole (nmol/mol) to parts per million mole (µmol/mol) range in C2 and C3 hydrocarbons.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For some specific hazard statements, see Annex A1.  
1.3.1 The user is advised to obtain LPG safety training for the safe operation of this test method procedure and related activities.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D8488-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Natural Gas by Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy (TDLAS)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 H2S measurements in natural gas are performed to ensure concentrations satisfy gas purchase contract criteria and to prevent pipeline and associated component corrosion.  
5.2 Using TDLAS for the measurement of H2S in natural gas enables a high degree of selectivity with minimal interference from common constituents in natural gas streams. The TDLAS analyzer can detect changes in concentration with a relatively rapid response compared to other methods so that operators may take swift action when designated H2S concentrations are exceeded.  
5.3 Primary applications covered in this test method are listed in 5.3.1 and 5.3.2. Each application may have differing requirements and methods for gas sampling. Additionally, different natural gas applications may require unique spectroscopic considerations.  
5.3.1 Raw natural gas is found in production, gathering sites, and inlets to gas-processing plants characterized by potentially high levels of water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), H2S, and heavy hydrocarbons. Gas-conditioning plants and skids are normally used to remove H2O, CO2, H2S, and other contaminants.  
5.3.2 High-quality “sales gas” is found in transportation pipelines, natural gas distribution (utilities), and natural gas power plant inlets. The gas is characterized by a very high percentage of methane (90 to 100 %) with small quantities of other hydrocarbons and trace levels of contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is for the online determination of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in natural gas using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) analyzers also known as a “TDL analyzers.” The particular wavelength for H2S measurement varies by manufacturer, typically between 1000 and 10 000 nm with an individual laser having a tunable range of less than 10 nm. The H2S concentration ranges can be anywhere from 0-5 ppm(v) to 0-90 % by volume.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. TDLAS analyzers inherently output concentrations in unitless molar ratios such as ppm(v).
Note 1: Weight-per-volume units such as milligrams or grains of H2S per cubic foot or cubic meter can be derived from ppm(v) at “standard conditions” or standard temperature and pressure.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5954-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Mercury Sampling and Measurement in Gaseous Fuels by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to measure the level of mercury in any gaseous fuel (as defined by Terminology D4150) for purposes such as determining compliance with regulations, studying the effect of various abatement procedures on mercury emissions, checking the validity of direct instrumental measurements, and verifying that mercury concentrations are below those required for gaseous fuel processing and operations.  
5.2 Adsorption of the mercury on gold-coated sorbent can remove interferences associated with the direct measurement of mercury in the presence of high concentrations of organic compounds. It preconcentrates the mercury before analysis, thereby offering measurement of ultra-low average concentrations in a gas stream over a long time span. It avoids the cumbersome use of liquid spargers with on-site sampling and eliminates contamination problems associated with the use of potassium permanganate solutions.5,6,7
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of total mercury in gaseous fuels at concentrations down to 0.5 ng/m3. It includes separate procedures for both sampling and atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of mercury. This procedure detects both inorganic and organic forms of mercury.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury containing products, or both, into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7940-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Analysis of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) by Fiber-Coupled Raman Spectroscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The composition of liquefied gaseous fuels (LNG, LPG) is important for custody transfer and production. Compositional determination is used to calculate the heating value, and it is important to ensure regulatory compliance. Compositional determination is also used to optimize the efficiency of liquefied hydrocarbon gas production and ensure the quality of the processed fluids.  
5.2 Alternatives to compositional measurement using Raman spectroscopy are described in Test Method D1945, Practice D1946, and Test Method D7833.  
5.3 The advantage of this practice over other standards stated in 5.2, is that Raman spectroscopy can determine composition by directly measuring the liquefied natural gas. Unlike chromatography, no vaporization step is necessary. Since incorrect operation of on-line vaporizers can lead to poor precision and accuracy, elimination of the vaporization step offers a significant improvement in the analysis of LNG.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is for both on-line and laboratory instrument-based determination of composition for liquefied natural gas (LNG) using Raman spectroscopy. Although the procedures in this practice refer specifically to liquids, the basic methodology can also be applied to other light hydrocarbon mixtures in either liquid or gaseous states, provided the data quality objectives and measurement needs are met. From the composition, gas properties such as heating value and the Wobbe index may be calculated. The components commonly determined according to this test method are CH4, C2H6, C3H8, i-C4H10, n-C4H10, iC5H12, n-C5H12. Components heavier than C5 are not measured as part of this practice.
Note 1: Raman spectroscopy does not directly quantify the component percentages of noble gases; however, inert substances can be calculated indirectly by subtracting the sum of the other species from 100 %.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7904-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Water Vapor (Moisture Concentration) in Natural Gas by Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy (TDLAS)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Moisture measurement in natural gas is performed to ensure sufficiently low levels for gas purchase contracts and to prevent corrosion. Moisture may also contribute to the formation of hydrates.  
5.2 The significance of applying TDLAS for the measurement of moisture in natural gas is TDLAS analyzers may have a very high degree of selectivity and minimal interference in many natural gas streams. Additionally, the sensing components of the analyzer are not wetted by the natural gas, limiting the potential damage from corrosives such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and liquid contaminants such as ethylene glycol or compressor oils. As a result, the TDLAS analyzer is able to detect changes in concentration with relatively rapid response. It should be noted that the mirrors of a TDLAS analyzer may be fouled if large quantities of condensed liquids enter the sample cell. In most cases the mirror can be cleaned without the need for recalibration or realignment.  
5.3 Primary applications covered in this method are listed in 5.3.1 – 5.3.3. Each application may have differing requirements and methods for gas sampling. Additionally, different natural gas applications may have unique spectroscopic considerations.  
5.3.1 Raw natural gas is found in production, gathering sites, and inlets to gas-processing plants characterized by potentially high levels of water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and heavy hydrocarbons. Gas-conditioning plants and skids are normally used to remove H2O, CO2, H2S, and other contaminants. Typical moisture concentration after dehydration is roughly 20 to 200 ppmv. Protection from liquid carryover such as heavy hydrocarbons and glycols in the sample lines is necessary to prevent liquid pooling in the cell or the sample components.  
5.3.2 Underground gas storage facilities are high-pressure caverns used to store large volumes of gas for use during peak demand. Underground storage caverns can reach pressures as high as 275 bar. ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers online determination of vapor phase moisture concentration in natural gas using a tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) analyzer also known as a “TDL analyzer.” The particular wavelength for moisture measurement varies by manufacturer; typically between 1000 and 10 000 nm with an individual laser having a tunable range of less than 10 nm.  
1.2 Process stream pressures can range from 700-mbar to 700-bar gage. TDLAS is performed at pressures near atmospheric (700- to 2000-mbar gage); therefore, pressure reduction is typically required. TDLAS can be performed in vacuum conditions with good results; however, the sample conditioning requirements are different because of higher complexity and a tendency for moisture ingress and are not covered by this test method. Generally speaking, the vent line of a TDL analyzer is tolerant to small pressure changes on the order of 50 to 200 mbar, but it is important to observe the manufacturer’s published inlet pressure and vent pressure constraints. Large spikes or steps in backpressure may affect the analyzer readings.  
1.3 The typical sample temperature range is -20 to 65 °C in the analyzer cell. While sample system design is not covered by this standard, it is common practice to heat the sample transport line to around 50 °C to avoid concentration changes associated with adsorption and desorption of moisture along the walls of the sample transport line.  
1.4 The moisture concentration range is 1 to 10 000 parts per million by volume (ppmv). It is unlikely that one spectrometer cell will be used to measure this entire range. For example, a TDL spectrometer may have a maximum measurement of 1 ppmv, 100 ppmv, 1000 ppmv, or 10 000 ppmv with varying degrees of accuracy and different lower detection limits.  
1.5 TDL absorption spectroscopy measures molar ratios such as ppmv or mole percentage. Volumetric ratios (ppmv and %) are not pressure d...

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off