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ASTM D2093-97

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Preparation of Surfaces of Plastics Prior to Adhesive Bonding

Standard Practice for Preparation of Surfaces of Plastics Prior to Adhesive Bonding

SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes surface preparations for plastic adherends, to be used prior to adhesive bonding of test specimens. It should be noted, however, that this practice specifies only the pretreating conditions of the plastic and does not cover the preparation of test specimens, testing conditions, or evaluation of tests. These are covered in the various ASTM test methods or specifications for specific materials.  
1.2 Physical Treatments (for example, sanding and solvent wiping) are used in order to remove the glossy finish and all traces of dirt, grease, mold release, or other contaminants from the bonding surfaces.  
1.3 Chemical Treatments (for example, sulfuric acid-dichromate solution and sodium naphthalene complex) are used in some cases to alter chemically the surface layers of the polymer itself to improve its adhesion characteristics.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. >Specific precautionary statements are given in 6.1.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-1997
ICS
83.180 - Adhesives
Technical Committee
D14 - Adhesives
Drafting Committee
D14.40 - Adhesives for Plastics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D2093-03 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Surfaces of Plastics Prior to Adhesive Bonding
Effective Date
10-Apr-2003
Referred By
ASTM D5041-98(2019) - Standard Test Method for Fracture Strength in Cleavage of Adhesives in Bonded Joints
Effective Date
10-Sep-1997
Referred By
ASTM D3165-07(2023) - Standard Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives in Shear by Tension Loading of Single-Lap-Joint Laminated Assemblies
Effective Date
10-Sep-1997
Referred By
ASTM D5868-01(2023) - Standard Test Method for Lap Shear Adhesion for Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Bonding
Effective Date
10-Sep-1997
Referred By
ASTM D3164-03(2017) - Standard Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesively Bonded Plastic Lap-Shear Sandwich Joints in Shear by Tension Loading
Effective Date
10-Sep-1997
Referred By
ASTM D2094-00(2023) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Bar and Rod Specimens for Adhesion Tests
Effective Date
10-Sep-1997
Referred By
ASTM D3163-01(2023) - Standard Test Method for Determining Strength of Adhesively Bonded Rigid Plastic Lap-Shear Joints in Shear by Tension Loading
Effective Date
10-Sep-1997
Referred By
ASTM D6465-99(2016) - Standard Guide for Selecting Aerospace and General Purpose Adhesives and Sealants
Effective Date
10-Sep-1997

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ASTM D2093-97 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Surfaces of Plastics Prior to Adhesive BondingASTM D2093-97 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Surfaces of Plastics Prior to Adhesive Bonding
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ASTM D2093-97 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Surfaces of Plastics Prior to Adhesive Bonding
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2093 – 97
Standard Practice for
Preparation of Surfaces of Plastics Prior to Adhesive
Bonding
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2093; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 952 Test Method for Bond or Cohesive Strength of Sheet
Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
1.1 This practice describes surface preparations for plastic
D 1002 Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-
adherends, to be used prior to adhesive bonding of test
Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Ten-
specimens. It should be noted, however, that this practice
sion Loading (Metal-to-Metal)
specifies only the pretreating conditions of the plastic and does
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
not cover the preparation of test specimens, testing conditions,
D 3807 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives in
or evaluation of tests. These are covered in the various ASTM
Cleavage Peel by Tension Loading (Engineering Plastics-
test methods or specifications for specific materials.
to-Engineering Plastics)
1.2 Physical Treatments (for example, sanding and solvent
wiping) are used in order to remove the glossy finish and all
3. Terminology
traces of dirt, grease, mold release, or other contaminants from
3.1 Definitions—Many terms are defined in Terminology
the bonding surfaces.
D 907.
1.3 Chemical Treatments (for example, sulfuric acid—
dichromate solution and sodium naphthalene complex) are
4. Significance and Use
used in some cases to alter chemically the surface layers of the
4.1 This practice is useful for reducing some of the surface
polymer itself to improve its adhesion characteristics.
variability of plastics (due to differences in manufacturing
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
methods) that might otherwise cause excessive variation in the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
results of ASTM test methods designed to measure adhesion.
only.
The treatments specified are convenient for laboratory work.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.2 This practice is not necessarily designed to provide
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
optimum adhesion to the surfaces and the treatments specified
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
may not always be practical for industrial use.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.3 This practice does not address all of the surface prepa-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
ration methods available; nor does this practice cite all of the
tionary statements are given in 6.1.
types or classes of plastics currently available.
4.4 This practice is used as a starting point for evaluating
2. Referenced Documents
surface preparation techniques for plastic adherends prior to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
adhesive bonding.
D 897 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Adhesive
Bonds
5. Apparatus
D 903 Test Method for Peel or Stripping Strength of Adhe-
5.1 Abrasive, Aluminum Oxide, 320 grit, free of waxes,
sive Bonds
lubricants, or other potential contaminants.
D 905 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive
5.2 Glass Dish, borosilicate, of appropriate dimensions, in
Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading
2 which to heat the sulfuric acid-dichromate solution.
D 907 Terminology of Adhesives
5.3 Hot Plate to provide a source for heating the acid.
D 950 Test Method for Impact Strength of Adhesive Bonds
5.4 Cotton Cloths, lint-free, clean, white, or non-linting
paper wipers.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-14 on Adhesives
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.40 on Adhesives for Plastics.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1997. Published April 1998. Originally
published as D2093 – 62 T. Last previous edition D2093 – 92. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.06. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2093
5.5 Tongs, stainless steel. 7.1.2 Sanding—Sand the bonding surfaces of the adherends
with a fine-grit sandpaper or emery cloth until no evidence of
6. Pretreating Liquids
surface gloss is visible (Note 3). Wipe with a clean dry cloth to
6.1 Sodium Naphthalene Solution—Sodium naphthalene so-
remove particles from the sanding. Bond the surface as soon
lutions are commercially available. When not in use, keep the after preparation as possible.
solution in a tightly-closed glass container to exclude air and
NOTE 3—Sanding is desirable in many instances to remove the surface
moisture.
of plastic that may have contaminants, for example, mold release. Sanding
also gives a larger bonding area.
NOTE 1—Caution: Exercise extreme care in preparing, handling, and
disposing of both the sulfuric acid-dichromate solution and the sodium
7.1.3 Sulfuric Acid—Dichromate Solution Treatment:
naphthalene s
...

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4.1 Tension tests provide reasonably accurate information with regard to the tensile strength of adhesives. Tensile strength data may be suitable for specification acceptance, service evaluation, manufacturing control, research, and development. Tension tests are not considered significant for applications differing from the test in rate, direction, and type of loading.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative tensile strength of adhesives by the use of bar- and rod-shaped butt-joined specimens under defined conditions of preparation, conditioning, and testing. This test method is applicable to the testing of adhesives with various adherend materials in either similar or dissimilar combinations.  
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This specification provides the means to measure and evaluate the performance of adhesives for structural or semistructural bonding of wood-to-wood in manufactured homes. Wood as used in this specification includes lumber, plywood, particleboard, gypsum board, and all materials having woodbased surfaces at the bondline. The adhesives can be classified according to resistance to deformation: Group A or structural, and Group B or semistructural. Also, the adhesives may be designated into three types, according to their recommended use based on their resistance to water and water vapor: Type 1 for interior and exterior use, Type 2 for weather-protected interior use, and Type 3 for interior use only. Different tests shall be performed in order to determine the following properties of adhesives: shear strength, gap-filling ability, total deformation resistance, moisture and temperature limitation during fabrication, high-temperature resistance, low-temperature resistance, moisture resistance, aging, oxidation resistance, and mold resistance.
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1.1 This specification provides the means to measure and evaluate the performance of adhesives for structural or semi-structural bonding of wood-to-wood in manufactured homes. Wood as used in this specification includes lumber, plywood, particleboard, gypsum board, and all materials having wood-based surfaces at the bondline. This specification does not cover other adhesives used in manufactured homes such as adhesives for carpet, floor tile, ceramic fixtures, plastic laminates, trim and millwork, and similar nonstructural applications.  
1.1.1 The performance of the adhesives is measured in the following tests:    
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4.1 Creep data that are obtained over a relatively short period of time in this test method can provide a measure of an adhesive bond's ability to withstand static loading in shear over a relatively long period of time. Creep measurements are made over a range of expected service conditions, including level of stress, temperature, relative humidity, and duration of load. Creep rate, creep strain, and creep modulus are calculated at the various service conditions.  
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This test method covers the determination of nonvolatile content or total solids of liquid phenol, resorcinol, and melamine adhesives with or without hardener added and containing high-boiling and low-boiling volatile organic solvents or water, or both. The equipments to be used in the test shall include a petri dish, circulating-air oven, desiccator, and analytical balance. In determining the nonvolatile content of the liquid adhesives without hardener, the procedure shall include oven-drying, cooling in a desiccator, and weighing of adhesive and quartz sand . The percent nonvolatile content shall be calculated based on the amount remaining. On the other hand, the procedure for the liquid adhesives with hardener shall include oven-drying, cooling in a desiccator, and weighing of mixed adhesives. Also, the percent nonvolatile content shall be calculated based on the amount remaining.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of comparative shear properties of gap-filling adhesives in wood-to-wood joints at specified thicknesses of bondline in the dry condition, when tested on standard specimens under specified conditions of preparation, conditioning, and loading in compression. This test method is intended as an evaluation of gap-filling adhesives such as those used to bond plywood to lumber, lumber to lumber, and other similar materials in building constructions.  
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4.1 These test methods are designed to be used to determine the susceptibility of the adhesive film to biodegradation and whether the adhesive will carry into the bond line sufficient anti-fungal properties to prevent growth of fungi frequently present on the gluing equipment, on adherends, or in the adhesive as applied.  
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1.1 These test methods test the ability of adhesive films to inhibit or support the growth of selected fungal species growing on agar plates by providing means of testing the films on two agar substrates, one which promotes microbial growth, and one which does not.  
1.2 These test methods are not appropriate for all adhesives. The activity of certain biocides may not be demonstrated by these test methods as a result of irreversible reaction with some of the medium constituents.  
Note 1: As an example, quaternary ammonium compounds are inactivated by agar.  
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ASTM D907-15(2023)(Terminology)
Standard Terminology of Adhesives

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1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of definitions used in the science and technology of the adhesives industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 Any changes in this standard since 1988 are documented as follows:  
1.2.1 Appendix X1 gives a history of revisions made since 1988. Table X1.1 lists the terms that are affected as: (1) Terms Added, (2) Terms Revised, and (3) Terms Deleted.
1.2.1.1 In Table X1.1, the year of publication in Volume 15.06 is shown in parentheses following the term.  
1.2.2 In the text of the standard, the year of publication is shown following each definition. Also, the following codes are included after the year of publication to describe the type change that was made: (A) Addition, (R) Revision, or (E) Edited.  
1.2.3 Deletions are shown in Appendix X1, suitably footnoted. The deleted terms do not appear in the text of the standard.  
1.2.4 Any special circumstances not covered by 1.2.2 and 1.2.3 are documented in Table X1.1, suitably footnoted.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7966/D7966M-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Resistance to Creep of Adhesives in Static Shear by Compression Loading (Wood-to-Wood)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method evaluates the performance of the adhesive in laminated wood as measured by resistance to creep under static load.  
5.2 Test results from the evaluation of adhesive creep resistance, under designated environmental conditions of the test, provide a measure of the adhesive’s ability to withstand constant loading over a relatively long period of time.  
5.3 Creep measured with this test method is normally used in conjunction with specifications such as, but not limited to Specification D2559 and CSA O112.9 to confirm suitability of an adhesive to resist creep under designed loads when subjected to specific levels of stress, load duration and environmental conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of creep properties of structural adhesives in wood-to-wood bonds when a standardized specimen is subjected to shearing stresses at various levels of static load, constant temperature, and relative humidity. Apparatus and procedures are provided for shear deformation (creep) of adhesive bonds under static load. This test method is used under the indicated conditions to evaluate resistance to creep properties of a structural wood adhesive.  
1.2 The test method is used to evaluate creep performance of adhesives suitable for the bonding of wood, including treated wood, into structural wood products for general construction, marine use, or for other uses where a high-strength general construction, creep-resistant, durable adhesive bond is required. Individual block shear specimens are prepared from adhesively bonded laminations, subjected to a constant load under various combinations of temperature and relative humidity, and the amount of creep measured.  
1.3 Creep of structural wood adhesives as measured by this test method may not be comparative to other ASTM methods and is limited to the conditions of the test and procedures contained herein.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides reasonably accurate information with regard to the determination of the securing or locking effect of adhesives used in threaded fasteners. This test method may also be used to determine the degree of cure and the effect of environment on torque strength.  
5.2 The accuracy of the test results depends to a large degree on the thread clearance of the test fasteners and the inclusion of air bubbles in the bond line. Data generated by this test method should be safety-factored accordingly if used as quality assurance acceptance or rejection.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to make comparative assessments of the securing or locking effect of adhesives used in threaded assemblies.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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