ASTM E1497-05(2011)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: E1497 − 05 (Reapproved 2011) An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil
Metal Removal Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1497; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the
Wet Metal Removal Environment
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for the selection and
E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of En-
safe use of metal removal fluids, additives, and antimicrobials.
dotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace
This includes product selection, storage, dispensing, and main-
Atmospheres
tenance.
E2148 GuideforUsingDocumentsRelatedtoMetalworking
1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typically used
or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
at high dilution and dilution rates vary widely. Additionally,
E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for
there is potential for exposure to undiluted metal removal fluid
Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
as manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additives and
E2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalwork-
antimicrobials.
ing Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Per-
formance
1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-
refined or hydro-treated petroleum oil, a synthetic oil, or other
2.2 OSHA Standards (Occupational Safety and Health Ad-
oils of animal or vegetable origin, including oils that are
ministration):
modified for performance characteristics (for example, esteri-
29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication
fied rapeseed oil, and so forth). Straight oils are not intended to
29 CFR 1910.132 General Requirements (Personal Protec-
be diluted with water prior to use.Additives are often included
tive Equipment) (e.g. gloves, sleeves, aprons, are critical
in straight oil formulations.
applications that avoid or reduce exposure)
29 CFR 1910.133 Eye and Face Protection
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
29 CFR 1910.134 Respiratory Protection
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
29 CFR 1910.138 Hand Protection
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
29 CFR 1910.1048 Formaldehyde
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
29 CFR 1910 Appendix B to Subpart I Non-mandatory
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Per-
sonal Protective Equipment Selection
2. Referenced Documents
40 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Devices
D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in
2.3 Other Documents:
Workplace Atmospheres
Management of the Metal Removal Fluid Environment: A
E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-
Guide to Safe and Efficient Use of Metal Removal Fluids
Miscible Metalworking Fluids
E1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and
3. Terminology
Safety
3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this practice, refer
to Terminology E1542.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupa-
tional Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on
3.2.1 contaminant, n—substances contained in in-use metal
Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.
removal fluids that are not part of the as-received fluid, such as
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originally
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1497 - 05. DOI:
10.1520/E1497-05R11.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or CodeofFederalRegulationsavailablefromUnitedStatesGovernmentPrinting
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Office, Washington, DC 20402.
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the ASTM website. Washington, DC 20006.
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E1497 − 05 (2011)
abrasive particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and sacrificial spindle oil, or slide way lubricant, that contaminate
shavings, dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi, the metal removal fluid.Tramp oils may contaminate the metal
microbial decay products, and waste. removal fluid with components that are emulsifiable but which
were not part of the metal removal fluid as formulated.
3.2.2 control, v—to prevent, eliminate or reduce hazards
related to use of metal removal fluids in metal removal 3.2.11 wet metal removal fluid environment, n—the work-
processes and to provide appropriate supplemental and/or
place environment where fluids are used to cool and lubricate
interim protection, as necessary, to employees. machining or grinding operations.
3.2.3 dermatitis, n—an inflammatory response of the skin
4. Significance and Use
3.2.3.1 Discussion—Dermatitis can result from a wide va-
4.1 Use of this practice will improve management and
riety of sources and processes. The most common origins are
control of metal removal fluids. The proper management and
irritant or allergic responses to a chemical or physical agent.
use will reduce dermal and other occupational hazards associ-
Signs and symptoms that typify the initial onset of dermatitis
ated with these fluids.
include: erythema (redness); edema (swelling); pruritis (itch-
4.1.1 Guide E2148 covers information on how to use
ing); and, vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In more severe
documents related to health and safety of metalworking and
cases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) may
metal removal fluids, including this document. Documents
develop. The condition is usually reversible when exposure to
referenced in Guide E2148 are grouped as applicable to
the causative agent ceases. More severe cases may require
producers, to users, or to all.
more time and some medical attention. Individuals who have
fair complexions appear to be at higher risk for dermatitis.
5. Routes of Metal Removal Fluid Exposure and Effects
3.2.4 emergency, n—any occurrence, such as but not limited
of Overexposure
to equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control
5.1 Routes of exposure to metal removal fluids include eye
equipment that results in an uncontrolled release of a signifi-
contact, inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. Exposure
cant amount of metal removal fluid.
may be through contact with the fluid or by contact with
3.2.5 employee exposure, n—contactwiththemetalremoval
airborne fluid mists, vapor, splashing, or residual fluid on
fluid, components, and contaminants by inhalation, skin
machinery, parts, or clothing.
contact, eye contact, or accidental ingestion.
5.2 Eye contact may cause mild to severe irritation, depend-
3.2.6 endotoxins, n—lipopolysaccharides derived from the
ing on the concentration and specific characteristics (for
outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. These compounds
example, alkalinity) of the product.
can be pyrogenic (fever producing) at low airborne concentra-
5.2.1 Prevent eye contact. Ensure that splash guarding is
tions.
functional or wear eye protection appropriate for the level of
3.2.7 folliculitis, n—an inflammatory response to excess oil
splashing or spraying encountered, such as safety glasses with
in hair follicles
side shields or goggles. See 29 CFR 1910.133.
3.2.8 metal removal fluids, n—the subset of metalworking
5.3 Inhalation may cause respiratory irritation or other types
fluids that are used for wet machining or grinding to produce
of respiratory effects (see 5.3.4).
the finished part.
5.3.1 Reduce exposure to mists and vapors. Permissible
3.2.8.1 Discussion—Metal removal fluids addressed by this
exposure levels (OSHA) of the fluid and component ingredi-
practice include straight or neat oils, not intended for further
ents shall not be exceeded. Engineering controls, such as
dilution with water, and water-miscible soluble oils,
machineenclosuresandexhaustventilationorsubstitutionwith
semisynthetics,andsynthetics,whichareintendedtobediluted
low-mist products are preferred methods to control exposure.
with water before use. Metal removal fluids become contami-
5.3.2 TestMethodD7049maybeusedforthedetermination
nated during use in the workplace with a variety of workplace
of both particulate total matter and extractable mass metal
substances including, but not limited to, abrasive particles,
removal fluid aerosol concentrations in a range of 0.05 to 5
tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolved
–3
mg/m in workplace atmospheres.
metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi, microbiological
5.3.3 See Practice E1972 for guidelines for minimizing
decay products, and waste. These contaminants can cause
effects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.
changes in the lubricity and cooling ability of the metal
5.3.4 For additional information, see Criteria for a Recom-
removal fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affect
mended Standard Occupational Exposure to Metal Working
the health and welfare of employees in contact with the
Fluids.
contaminated metal removal fluid.
5.4 Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal disturbances.
3.2.9 metal removal process, n—a manufacturing process
that removes metal during shaping of a part, including machin-
5.5 Prolongedorrepeateddermalcontactmaycausedryand
ing processes, such as milling, drilling, turning, broaching, and
cracked skin, rash, redness, burning, or itching. Skin abrasions
tapping, and grinding processes, as well as honing and lapping,
can intensify the effects. Some metal removal fluids and
and other similar mechanical operations in which metal is
removed to produce a finished part.
Available from U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health
3.2.10 tramp oil, n—oil and oil-soluble additives, some-
Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-
times insoluble, resulting from leaking hydraulic or gear oil, or pational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Pkwy., Cincinnati, OH 45226.
E1497 − 05 (2011)
additives may sensitize the skin of affected employees, which 6.6 All applicable disposal criteria must be met. If there is
can result in a response to very low levels of exposure. anon-sitewastewatertreatmentplant,consultwiththeoperator
at the time of fluid selection.
6. Fluid Product Selection
7. Water Quality and Treatment
6.1 Proper product selection is fundamentally critical to
reducing or eliminating respiratory conditions and occupa-
7.1 Water constitutes more than 90 % of the diluted water
tional dermatitis associated with exposure to metal removal
miscible metal removal fluid mixture. Water shall be evaluated
fluids. The metal removal fluids should perform as intended
for hardness, alkalinity, high conductivity, turbidity,
while providing the safest working conditions.The selection of
corrosivity,biologicalcontaminants,andotherfactorsthatmay
a metal removal fluid for each different operation must con-
lead to increased use of metal removal fluid concentrate,
sider the inherent limitations of the product. Water-miscible
additives, or antimicrobials, or a combination thereof. Good
fluids not properly selected are likely to be used at higher
water quality is fundamental to proper metal removal fluid use,
concentrations than other products more appropriate to the
will help reduce use of additives and antimicrobials, and
operation.
lengthen fluid life. Consult your metal removal fluid supplier,
6.1.1 Consult“ManagementoftheMetalRemovalEnviron-
chemical manager, and corporate subject matter expert.
ment” and “Metalworking Fluids Evaluation Guide” for
7.2 Where suitable water is not available, water treatment
further information on selecting the proper fluid for the
shall be designed to produce enough water of sufficient quality
application. In addition, your fluid supplier, chemical manager,
for metal removal fluid use. Treated water shall be readily
or corporate subject matter expert should be able to provide
available from holding tanks large enough to meet anticipated
information on the proper selection of the appropriate fluid and
daily requirements. Treated water quality, including biological
recommended concentration for use.
contaminants, must be monitored. Tests performed depend on
6.2 Potential health hazards can be reduced by careful fluid
the type of water treatment used. Guidance on water quality
selection and substitution. See Guide E1302 and consult
and water treatment may be obtained from the metal removal
“Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best Practices
fluid manufacturer.
Manual” for further information.
8. Receipt and Handling of Fluid and Additives
6.3 The metal removal fluid manufacturer’s material safety
data sheet (MSDS) and toxicological data must be complete 8.1 Before the fluid is handled, the user shall have an
and must provide all applicable information on metal removal
accurate and current material safety data sheet as required by
fluids,ingredients,andadditives.Thisdatashallbereviewedin the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard. See 29 CFR
order to evaluate potential hazards and establish appropriate
1910.1200.
control procedures.
8.2 Precautions shall be taken to ensure the fluid is, without
6.4 The metal removal fluid manufacturer must provide all
modification, the fluid represented in the material safety data
applicable health, safety, and toxicological data on additives, sheet.
including rust inhibitors, product stabilizers, and antimicrobi-
8.3 Users should be informed prior to modifications in fluid
als of all types, odorants, and dyes. These data shall be
formulation so that they may assess potential effects on health
reviewedfortheirimpactonthemetalremovalfluidmixtureto
andsafetyandproductivity.Seeminglyinsignificantchangesin
which they are added. Additives shall only be used with the
fluid composition may result in adverse interaction with other
agreement of the metalworking fluid manufacturer and the
additives or may produce unforeseen changes in fluid perfor-
appropriate health and safety personnel in the plant.
mance.
6.5 As supplied, antimicrobials and other additives for
8.4 The user shall ascertain that containers when received,
tankside addition may present greater health and safety risks
are properly labeled and can be e
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