ASTM C1175-99a(2010)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: C1175 − 99a (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Guide to
Test Methods and Standards for Nondestructive Testing of
Advanced Ceramics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
E494 Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materi-
1.1 This guide identifies and describes standard procedures
als
and methods for nondestructive testing of advanced ceramics
E569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-
using radiology, ultrasonics, liquid penetrants, and acoustic
tures During Controlled Stimulation
emission.
E587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact Testing
1.2 This guide identifies existing standards for nondestruc-
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission
tive testing that have been determined to be (or have been
Sensors
modified to be) applicable to the examination of advanced
E664 Practice for the Measurement of the Apparent Attenu-
ceramics. These standards have been generated by, and are
ation of Longitudinal Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion
under the jurisdiction of, ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
Method
structive Testing. Selection and application of these standards
E750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-
tobefollowedmustbegovernedbyexperienceandthespecific
mentation
requirements in each individual case, together with agreement
E797 Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultra-
between producer and user.
sonic Pulse-Echo Contact Method
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
E976 GuideforDeterminingtheReproducibilityofAcoustic
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
Emission Sensor Response
information only.
E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
graphic Film Processing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1000 Guide for Radioscopy
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E1065 Practice for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Search Units
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-
eters
2. Referenced Documents
E1106 Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Emission Sensors
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
E1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of
E114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam
Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
Contact Testing
E1208 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General
Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification Process
Industry
E1209 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of
Using the Water-Washable Process
Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems
E1210 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification Process
E1219 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced
Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.03 on Physical
Using the Solvent-Removable Process
Properties and Non-Destructive Evaluation.
E1220 Practice for Visible Penetrant Testing Using Solvent-
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010. Published January 2011. Originally
Removable Process
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C1175 – 99a (2004).
DOI: 10.1520/C1175-99AR10.
E1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Industrial Radiographic Films
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
E1255 Practice for Radioscopy
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1175 − 99a (2010)
E1324 GuideforMeasuringSomeElectronicCharacteristics transmission densitometers used for the measurement of radio-
of Ultrasonic Testing Instruments graphic film density. The test is not intended to qualify the
E1390 Specification for Illuminators Used for Viewing In- radiographs measured by transmission densitometers cali-
dustrial Radiographs brated in accordance with this practice.
E1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
6.3 Guide E1000 is a guide for tutorial purposes only and
E1441 Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging
outlines the general principles of radioscopic imaging. This
E1453 Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media that
guide describes practices and image quality measuring systems
Contains Analog or Digital Radioscopic Data
forreal-timeandnearreal-timenon-filmdetection,display,and
E1570 Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Examina-
recording of radioscopic images. These images, used in mate-
tion
rials inspection, are generated by penetrating radiation passing
E1647 Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Ra-
through the subject material and producing an image on the
diology
detecting medium.The image detection and display techniques
E1672 Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) System Se-
are nonfilm, but the use of photographic film as a means for
lection
permanent recording of the image is not precluded.
E1695 Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomog-
6.3.1 Summary of Guide—Guide E1000 outlines the prac-
raphy (CT) System Performance
tices for the use of radioscopic methods and techniques for
E1781 Practice for Secondary Calibration ofAcoustic Emis-
materials examinations. It is intended to provide a basic
sion Sensors
understanding of the method and the techniques involved. The
E1817 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Ex-
selection of an imaging device, radiation source, and radiologi-
amination by Using Representative Quality Indicators
cal and optical techniques to achieve a specified quality in
(RQIs)
radioscopic images is described.
3. Terminology
6.3.2 Significance and Use—Radioscopy is a versatile non-
destructive means for examining an object. It provides imme-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
diate information regarding the nature, size, location, and
refer to Terminology E1316, Section F for liquid penetrants,
distribution of imperfections, both internal and external. It also
Section I for ultrasonics, Section D for radiology, and Section
B for acoustic emission. provides a rapid check of the dimensions, mechanical
configuration, and the presence and positioning of components
4. Significance and Use
in a mechanism. It indicates in real-time the presence of
structural or component imperfections anywhere in a mecha-
4.1 This guide is a compilation of standards intended to
nism or an assembly. Through manipulation, it may provide
provide assistance in selecting appropriate nondestructive ex-
three-dimensional information regarding the nature, sizes, and
amination for advanced ceramics, and in turn, to provide
relative positioning of items of interest within an object, and
guidance for performing the examination, as well as ensuring
can be further employed to check the functioning of internal
the proper performance of the equipment.
mechanisms. Radioscopy permits timely assessments of prod-
5. Apparatus
uct integrity, and allows prompt disposition of the product
based on acceptance standards.Although closely related to the
5.1 Use the equipment as specified in each standard.
radiographic method, it has much lower operating costs in
6. Radiology terms of time, manpower, and material. Long-term records of
the radioscopic image may be obtained through motion-picture
6.1 Terminology:
recording (cinefluorography), video recording, or “still” pho-
6.1.1 Terminology E1316, Section D, covers the consensus
tographs using conventional cameras. The radioscopic image
definitions used to describe the various aspects of radiology of
may be electronically enhanced, digitized, or otherwise pro-
materials.
cessed for improved visual image analysis or automatic,
6.1.2 Significance and Use—The identification and use of
computer-aided analysis, or both.
common terms and definitions are necessary to ensure proper
communication between producers, examiners, and users of
6.4 Practice E1255 provides application details for radio-
both nondestructive examination equipment and techniques
scopic examination using penetrating radiation. This includes
and advanced ceramics.
real-time radioscopy and, for the purposes of this standard,
radioscopy where the motion of the test object must be limited
6.2 Practice E1079 covers the calibration of transmission
(commonly referred to as near-real-time radioscopy). Since the
densitometers used to perform radiographic film density mea-
techniques involved and the applications for radioscopic ex-
surements.
amination are diverse, this practice is not intended to be
6.2.1 Summary of Practice—Practice E1079 describes the
limiting or restrictive, but rather to address the general appli-
necessary apparatus (film strips and instrument), measurement
cations of the technology and thereby facilitate its use.
procedure, recording requirements, and periods of verification
for calibrating transmission densitometers. 6.4.1 The general principles discussed in Practice E1255
6.2.2 Significance and Use—Attainingproperfilmdensityis apply broadly to penetrating radiation radioscopic systems.
important to the establishment of valid radiographic film. However, this document is written specifically for use with
PracticeE1079providesameansofevaluatingthereliabilityof X-ray and gamma-ray systems.
C1175 − 99a (2010)
6.4.2 Summary of Practice—Manual evaluation as well as determine the presence or extent of focal spot damage or
computer-aided automated radioscopic examination systems deterioration that may have occurred due to tube age, tube
are used in a wide variety of penetrating radiation examination overloading, and the like. This would entail the production of
applications. A simple manual evaluation radioscopic exami- a focal spot radiograph (with the pinhole method) and an
nation system might consist of a radiation source and a directly evaluation of the resultant image for pitting, cracking, and the
viewed fluorescent screen, suitably enclosed in a radiation- like.
protective enclosure. At the other extreme, a complex auto-
NOTE 2—The X-ray tube manufacturer may be contacted for nominal
mated radioscopic examination system might consist of an
focal spot dimensions.
X-ray source, a robotic test part manipulator, a radiation-
6.5.2 Significance and Use—One of the factors affecting the
protective enclosure, an electronic image detection system, a
quality of a radiographic image is geometric unsharpness. The
closed circuit television image transmission system, a digital
degree of geometric unsharpness is dependent upon the focal
image processor, a video display, and a digital image archiving
size of the radiation source, the distance between the source
system. All system components are supervised by the host
andtheobjecttoberadiographed,andthedistancebetweenthe
computer, that incorporates the software necessary to not only
object to be radiographed and the film.This test method allows
operate the system components, but to make accept/reject
the user to determine the focal size of the X-ray source and to
decisions as well. Systems having a wide range of capabilities
use this result to establish source-to-object and object-to-film
between these extremes can be assembled using available
distances appropriate for maintaining the desired degree of
components. Guide E1000 lists many different system configu-
geometric unsharpness.
rations.
6.4.3 While Practice E1255 outlines the approach to be
6.6 Guide E999 establishes guidelines that may be used for
taken in applying radioscopic real-time examination
the control and maintenance of industrial radiographic film
techniques, a supplemental document is required covering
processing equipment and materials. The provisions in this
3 4
those areas where agreement between the provider and user
guide are intended to control the reliability of the chemical
of radioscopic examination services is required. Generally,
process only and are not intended for controlling the accept-
those areas are application-specific and performance-related,
ability or quality of industrial radiographic films or of the
covering such areas as system configuration, equipment
materials or products radiographed.
qualification, performance measurement, and interpretation of
6.6.1 Summary of Guide—GuideE999providesinstructions
results.
for the mixing of radiographic processing chemicals for both
6.4.4 Significance and Use—As with conventional
manual and automatic processes and for their storage,
radiography, radioscopic examination is broadly applicable to
replenishment, and cautions about temperature, deterioration,
anymaterialortestobjectthroughwhichabeamofpenetrating
and contamination. Recommendations are provided for both
radiation may be passed and detected, including metals,
manual and automated processing of film. Instructions are
plastics, ceramics, composites, and other nonmetallic materi-
given for the activity testing of processing solutions and for
als. In addition to the benefits normally associated with
maintenance of records.
radiography, radioscopic examination is a dynamic, filmless
6.6.2 Significance and Use—Effective use of these guide-
technique,allowingthetestparttobemanipulatedandimaging
lines aids in controlling the consistency and quality of indus-
parameters optimized while the test object is undergoing
trial radiographic film processing. Improper processing can
examination. Recent technological advances in the area of
obscure the desired radiographic detail even though the proper
projection imaging, detectors, and digital image processing
radiographic procedure may have been used. The necessity of
provide acceptable sensitivity for a wide range of applications.
applying specific control procedures such as those described in
this guide is dependent, to a certain extent, on the degree to
6.5 Test Method E1165 provides instructions for determin-
which a facility adheres to good processing practices as a
ing
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