ASTM D2281-68(1997)

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Designation:D2281–68 (Reapproved 1997)
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Wetting Agents by the Skein Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2281; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
,
2 3
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
efficiency of ordinary commercial wetting agents as defined in
Terminology D 459. This test method is applicable under
limited and controlled conditions, but does not necessarily
yield information correlating with specific end uses.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
FIG. 1 Hook and Anchor
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 459 Terminology Relating to Soaps and Other Deter- steel wire are even more suitable than copper for this purpose
gents because they are more corrosion resistant. The anchor, C, shall
be a flat, cylindrical, lead slug with a minimum weight of 40 g
3. Summary of Test Method
and shall have a diameter of 1 in. (25 mm) and a thickness of
3.1 A weighted cotton test skein is dropped into a tall about ⁄16in.(4.7mm).Inthecenteroftheanchorsolderaloop
cylinder containing a water solution of a wetting agent. The
of wire to serve as a small ring, or eye, for attaching the anchor
time required for a string stirrup connecting the weight and the to the hook with a fine linen thread, B, at a distance apart of ⁄4
skein to relax is recorded as the sinking time. in. (19 mm). If many products are to be tested, prepare at least
two hooks and anchors.
4. Apparatus
4.1.2 In the comparison of wetting agents, it has been found
4.1 Hook and Anchor:
that a 3-g hook gives a concentration for 25-s wetting that is
4.1.1 Thehookofastandardweightandtheattachedanchor
most often fairly close to the concentration employed in
shall be prepared as follows: Bend a piece of No. 10 B&S gage
practice for original wetting in various mill processes. If now,
copper wire about 2 ⁄16 in. (14.1 mm) long into the form of a
however, the concentration of wetting agent found satisfactory
hook as illustrated by A in Fig. 1 and then adjust the weight of
for the particular work in the mill is much higher or much
the bent hook to exactly 3.000 g. Nickel, silver, and stainless
lower than the concentration obtained with the 3-g hook, then
employ a hook of a different weight for making comparisons
between products that are valid for the particular situation.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D-12 on Soaps
4.1.3 For comparisons at low concentrations, employ a
and Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.15 on
6.0-g, or even a 9.0-g hook, for a sinking time of 25 s. Only
Physical Testing.
Current edition approved Nov. 6, 1968. Published January 1969. Originally
products with sinking curves of similar slopes show the same
issued as D 2281 – 64 T. Last previous edition D 2281 – 64 T.
equivalent values for 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0-g hooks at any
This test method is based on theAmericanAssociation of Textile Chemists and
standard sinking time.
Colorists Technical Manual, Test Methods—Physical Properties, Wetting Agents,
4.1.4 For comparisons at higher concentrations than those
Evaluation of, Standard Test Method 17 – 1952, Vol XXXIX, 1963, pp. B-133-B-
135, which is also American National Standard L 14.11 – 1956 of the American
corresponding to a sinking time of 25 s for a 3.0-g hook, a
National Standards Institute.
0.5-g or a 1.5-g hook may be employed. For quicker and even
Draves, C. Z., and Clarkson, R. G., “A New Method for the Evaluation of
more reliable results at higher concentrations, it is advanta-
Wetting Agents,” American Dyestuff Reporter, Vol 20, 1931, pp. 201–208.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.04. geous to employ an electronic timing device and standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2281
sinking times of 10 s and 4 s. The procedure, otherwise, is test solution. This corresponds, respectively, to concentrations
exactly the same as with the 3-g hook at 25 s. of 0.25, 0.35, 0.50, 0.75, 1.25, 1.75, 2.50, 3.75 and 5.00 g of
wetting agent/L. This range of concentrations is sufficient for
5. Test Skein
the study of any commercial product.
5.1 40s/2 combed Peeler yarn with a lisle twist of 18 to 20
7. Procedure
turns in. and a balanced construction is suitable. All the tubes
of grey cotton yarn used for making 5-g skeins for a given
7.1 Pourthedilutedtestsolutionfroma1-Lvolumetricflask
series of wetting tests shall be from the same lot of cotton. To
into a 1.5-Lbeaker to ensure mixing. Divide the solution in the
average out the slight differences still remaining between
beakerequallybetweentwo500-mLgraduatedcylinders.Ifthe
different tubes of the same lot and to increase the number of
more dilute solutions are tested first, the mixing beaker and
skeins that are closely alike in wetting properties for the series,
cylinders need not be rinsed out and dried each time.Wait after
it is urged that each skein be reeled simultaneously from 4 to
the cylinders have been filled until all bubbles below the
12 tubes of yarn. In the case of purchased skeins, the weights
surface of the solution have risen to the top before making the
of the skeins shall be corrected individually to within 10 mg of
sinking tests. Remove foam on the surface of the solution
5 g or to within 1 grain of 77 grains.
either with a 100-mL bulb pipet or with an aspirator. Where
5.2 For a determination, fold a 5.00-g (77 61-grain) skein
there is little tendency for exhaustion of the wetting agent on
of yarn enough times to form a loop 18 in. (460 mm) around.
the test skeins, practically always true for cotton, it is permis-
A36-in.(910-mm)skeinismostconvenientandcanbeformed
sible to use the same diluted solution over again several times
into an 18-in. loop with only two folds; a 54-in. (1370-mm)
rather than to make a new diluted solution for each new skein.
skein requires three folds; a 72-in. (1830-mm) skein, four
In this case only one 500-mLcylinder may be filled repeatedly
folds; and a 90-in. (2290-mm) skein requires five folds.
from the solutions of a certain concentration.
7.2 Since temperature often markedly affects wetting, stan-
6. Reagents
dard temperatures of 77, 122, 158, and 194°F (25, 50, 70, and
6.1 Water—The quality of the water used in the testing of
90°C) have been chosen for testing so as to include the
wetting agents must be given careful consideration. The stock
complete commercially useful range. It is most convenient to
solution is best prepared with distilled water. When it is not
attain a temperature of 77°F merely by using water that has
known under what
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