ASTM F2747-19
(Guide)Standard Guide for Construction of Sand-based Rootzones for Golf Putting Greens and Tees
Standard Guide for Construction of Sand-based Rootzones for Golf Putting Greens and Tees
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A dense, uniform, smooth and vigorously (or healthy) growing natural turfgrass golf green or tee provides the ideal and preferred putting or teeing surface for golf. Sand is commonly used to construct high performance putting green and tee rootzone systems. Sand is chosen as a primary construction material due to its compaction resistance and improved drainage and aeration compared to other soil materials. A loamy soil that may provide a more stable surface and enhanced growing media compared to sand under optimal or normal conditions will quickly compact and deteriorate in condition if used in periods of excessive soil moisture, such as during or following a rain event. A properly constructed sand-based rootzone on the other hand will resist compaction even during wet periods. Even when compacted, sands will retain an enhanced drainage and aeration state compared to native soil rootzones under the same level of traffic. As such, sand-based rootzones are more conducive to providing an all-weather type of putting or teeing surface. Once compacted, sands are also easier to decompact with the use of mechanical aeration equipment.
4.2 Properties of both the soil and grass plants must be considered in planning, constructing, and maintaining a high quality putting green or tee installation. Turfgrasses utilized must be adapted to the local growing conditions and be capable of forming a thick, dense, turf cover at the desired mowing height. Unvegetated sand is not inherently stable and therefore it is imperative that grasses are utilized to withstand the rigors of play. Sand does however have incredible load bearing capacity and if a dense, uniform turf cover is maintained the sand-based system can provide a firm and uniform playing surface.
4.3 A successful sand-based rootzone system is dependent upon the proper selection of materials to use in the project. The proper selection of sand, organic amendments, soil, and gravel is of vital concern to the performance ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the construction of high performance sand-based rootzones for golf greens and tees. This guide provides guidance for the selection of materials, including soil, sand, gravel, peat, etc., for use in designing and constructing sand-based golf turf rootzones.
1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance techniques are influenced by existing soil types, climatic factors, level of play, intensity and frequency of use, equipment available, budget and training, and the ability of management personnel.
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by t...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2747 − 19 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Construction of Sand-based Rootzones for Golf Putting
1
Greens and Tees
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 Thisguidecoverstechniquesthatareappropriateforthe
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
construction of high performance sand-based rootzones for
golf greens and tees. This guide provides guidance for the
2. Referenced Documents
selection of materials, including soil, sand, gravel, peat, etc.,
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
for use in designing and constructing sand-based golf turf
C88Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of
rootzones.
Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance
C131Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-
techniques are influenced by existing soil types, climatic
SizeCoarseAggregatebyAbrasionandImpactintheLos
factors,levelofplay,intensityandfrequencyofuse,equipment
Angeles Machine
available, budget and training, and the ability of management
D422TestMethodforParticle-SizeAnalysisofSoils(With-
personnel.
3
drawn 2016)
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
oraseriesofoptionsanddoesnotrecommendaspecificcourse
Fluids
of action. This document cannot replace education or experi-
D698Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
3
ence and should be used in conjunction with professional
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft (600
3
judgment.Notallaspectsofthisguidemaybeapplicableinall
kN-m/m ))
circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or
D854Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given
Water Pycnometer
professional service must be judged, nor should this document
D1883Test Method for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of
be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique
Laboratory-Compacted Soils
aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document
D1997Test Method for Laboratory Determination of the
means only that the document has been approved through the
Fiber Content of Peat Samples by Dry Mass
ASTM consensus process.
D2944Practice of Sampling Processed Peat Materials
D2974Test Methods for Moisture,Ash, and Organic Matter
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
of Peat and Other Organic Soils
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
D2976Test Method for pH of Peat Materials
only.
D2980 Test Method for Saturated Density, Moisture-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Holding Capacity, and Porosity of Saturated Peat Materi-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
als
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D4427ClassificationofPeatSamplesbyLaboratoryTesting
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D4972Test Methods for pH of Soils
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
F1632Test Method for Particle Size Analysis and Sand
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
Shape Grading of Golf Course Putting Green and Sports
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Field Rootzone Mixes
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
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This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee F08.64 on Natural Playing Surfaces. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2019. Published November 2019. Originally the ASTM website.
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approvedin2010.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2010asF2747–10,whichwas The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
withdrawn January 2019 and reinstated in October 2019. DOI: 10.1520/F2747-19. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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