ASTM F2747-10
(Guide)Standard Guide for Construction of Sand-based Rootzones for Golf Putting Greens and Tees (Withdrawn 2019)
Standard Guide for Construction of Sand-based Rootzones for Golf Putting Greens and Tees (Withdrawn 2019)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A dense, uniform, smooth and vigorously (or healthy) growing natural turfgrass golf green or tee provides the ideal and preferred putting or teeing surface for golf. Sand is commonly used to construct high performance putting green and tee rootzone systems. Sand is chosen as a primary construction material due to its compaction resistance and improved drainage and aeration compared to other soil materials. A loamy soil that may provide a more stable surface and enhanced growing media compared to sand under optimal or normal conditions will quickly compact and deteriorate in condition if used in periods of excessive soil moisture, such as during or following a rain event. A properly constructed sand-based rootzone on the other hand will resist compaction even during wet periods. Even when compacted, sands will retain an enhanced drainage and aeration state compared to native soil rootzones under the same level of traffic. As such, sand-based rootzones are more conducive to providing an all-weather type of putting or teeing surface. Once compacted, sands are also easier to decompact with the use of mechanical aeration equipment.
Properties of both the soil and grass plants must be considered in planning, constructing, and maintaining a high quality putting green or tee installation. Turfgrasses utilized must be adapted to the local growing conditions and be capable of forming a thick, dense, turf cover at the desired mowing height. Unvegetated sand is not inherently stable and therefore it is imperative that grasses are utilized to withstand the rigors of play. Sand does however have incredible load bearing capacity and if a dense, uniform turf cover is maintained the sand-based system can provide a firm and uniform playing surface.
A successful sand-based rootzone system is dependent upon the proper selection of materials to use in the project. The proper selection of sand, organic amendments, soil, and gravel is of vital concern to the performance of the system....
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the construction of high performance sand-based rootzones for golf greens and tees. This guide provides guidance for the selection of materials, including soil, sand, gravel, peat, etc., for use in designing and constructing sand-based golf turf rootzones.
1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance techniques are influenced by existing soil types, climatic factors, level of play, intensity and frequency of use, equipment available, budget and training, and the ability of management personnel.
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the construction of high performance sand-based rootzones for golf greens and tees. This guide provides guidance for the selection of materials, including soil, sand, gravel, peat, etc., for use ...
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2747 − 10 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Construction of Sand-based Rootzones for Golf Putting
1
Greens and Tees
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
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1.1 Thisguidecoverstechniquesthatareappropriateforthe 2.1 ASTM Standards:
construction of high performance sand-based rootzones for C88Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of
golf greens and tees. This guide provides guidance for the Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
selection of materials, including soil, sand, gravel, peat, etc., C131Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-
for use in designing and constructing sand-based golf turf SizeCoarseAggregatebyAbrasionandImpactintheLos
rootzones. Angeles Machine
D422Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
techniques are influenced by existing soil types, climatic
Fluids
factors,levelofplay,intensityandfrequencyofuse,equipment
D698Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
available, budget and training, and the ability of management
3
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
personnel.
3
kN-m/m ))
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information
D854Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
oraseriesofoptionsanddoesnotrecommendaspecificcourse
Water Pycnometer
of action. This document cannot replace education or experi-
D1883Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of
ence and should be used in conjunction with professional
Laboratory-Compacted Soils
judgment.Notallaspectsofthisguidemaybeapplicableinall
D1997Test Method for Laboratory Determination of the
circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or
Fiber Content of Peat Samples by Dry Mass
replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given
D2944Test Method of Sampling Processed Peat Materials
professional service must be judged, nor should this document
D2974Test Methods for Moisture,Ash, and Organic Matter
be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique
of Peat and Other Organic Soils
aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document
D2976Test Method for pH of Peat Materials (Withdrawn
means only that the document has been approved through the 3
2013)
ASTM consensus process.
D2980Test Method for Volume Mass, Moisture-Holding
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Capacity, and Porocity of Saturated Peat Materials
D4427ClassificationofPeatSamplesbyLaboratoryTesting
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only. D4972Test Method for pH of Soils
F1632Test Method for Particle Size Analysis and Sand
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Shape Grading of Golf Course Putting Green and Sports
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Field Rootzone Mixes
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
F1647Test Methods for Organic Matter Content ofAthletic
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Field Rootzone Mixes
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Subcommittee F08.64 on Natural Playing Surfaces. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published March 2011. DOI: 10.1520/ The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
F2747-10. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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F2747 − 10
F1815Test Methods for Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, 4.3.1 During construction, consideration should be given to
Water Retention, Porosity, and Bulk Density of Athletic factors such as the physical and chemical properties of root-
zone materials, surface and internal drainage as well as stones
Field Rootzones
F2060Guide for Maintaining Cool Season Turfgrasses on and other debris.
4.3.2 Maintenance practices that influence playability in-
Athletic Fields
clude mowing, irrigation, fertilization, and mechanical aera-
F2107Guide for Construc
...
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