ASTM E588-03
(Practice)Standard Practice for Detection of Large Inclusions in Bearing Quality Steel by the Ultrasonic Method
Standard Practice for Detection of Large Inclusions in Bearing Quality Steel by the Ultrasonic Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Comparison with Other Inclusion Rating Methods—Because the test is performed on a volumetric rather than a surface-examination basis, the ultrasonic method is inherently better able to detect infrequently occurring large inclusions or clusters of small inclusions than eddy current, magnetic particle, microscopical, or macroscopic examination procedures.
Limitation of Inclusion Size and Type—A limitation of the method is that it will not detect all inclusions. Inclusion chemistry, size, shape, location, and distribution may limit the ability of the method to provide indications distinct from those generated by the surrounding metallurgical structure. The recommended practice is only meaningfully applicable to examination of steel wherein the inclusion size and type are within the detection capabilities of the method. For steel wherein inclusion size, dispersion, and chemistry prevent optimum inclusion detection by ultrasonics, microscopical methods detailed in Practice E 45 may be applied.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the rating of rectangular steel sections by immersion ultrasonic techniques. Its purpose is to provide information on the content of large inclusions or clusters of small inclusions for determining the suitability of a steel lot for bearing applications. This practice in no manner defines or establishes limits of acceptability.
1.2 For this document, large inclusions are defined in ultrasonic terms as those having a reflecting area equivalent to or larger than a 1/64-in. diameter flat-bottom hole in a steel reference block of similar properties and thickness. In metallographic terms, large inclusions, defined in this way, are of approximately the same size as the smallest detectable sizes revealed by the macroscopic methods of Practice E 45. In some cases, inclusions smaller than those described previously can be detected either individually or in clusters, depending on their type, chemical composition, orientation to the ultrasonic beam and distance from the sound entry surface of the specimen.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:E588–03
Standard Practice for
Detection of Large Inclusions in Bearing Quality Steel by
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the Ultrasonic Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E588; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2.2 ASNT Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practicefor Personnel Qualifi-
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the rating of
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cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
rectangular steel sections by immersion ultrasonic techniques.
ASNT-CP-189 STandard for Qualification and Certification
Its purpose is to provide information on the content of large
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of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
inclusions or clusters of small inclusions for determining the
suitability of a steel lot for bearing applications. This practice
3. Terminology
in no manner defines or establishes limits of acceptability.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
1.2 For this document, large inclusions are defined in
tice, see Terminology E1316.
ultrasonic terms as those having a reflecting area equivalent to
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or larger than a ⁄64-in. diameter flat-bottom hole in a steel
4. Basis of Application
reference block of similar properties and thickness. In metal-
4.1 Agreements Between Using Parties—In order for this
lographic terms, large inclusions, defined in this way, are of
practice to be effectively used, the following items require
approximately the same size as the smallest detectable sizes
agreement between the using parties.
revealedbythemacroscopicmethodsofPracticeE45.Insome
4.1.1 Evaluation of Nondestructive Testing Agencies—An
cases, inclusions smaller than those described previously can
agreement is required as to whether the nondestructive testing
be detected either individually or in clusters, depending on
agency, as defined in Practice E543, must be formally evalu-
their type, chemical composition, orientation to the ultrasonic
ated and qualified to perform the examination. If such an
beam and distance from the sound entry surface of the
evaluation is specified, a documented procedure such as
specimen.
Practice E543 shall be used as the basis for evaluation.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1.2 Personnel Qualification—Nondestructive testing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
(NDT) personnel shall be qualified in accordance with a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
nationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
standard such as ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, or a similar
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
document. The practice or standard used and its applicable
2. Referenced Documents revision shall be specified in the contractual agreement be-
tween the using parties.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1.3 Search Unit Performance Tests—Annex A1 defines
E45 Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content
2 the minimum manufacturer’s specifications for search units to
of Steel
beusedwiththispractice.Theextentoftestingandverification
E214 PracticeforImmersedUltrasonicExaminationbythe
3 of these parameters to be performed by the manufacturer shall
Reflection Method Using Pulsed Longitudinal Waves
be specified in the contractual agreement between the using
E428 Practice for Fabrication and Control of Steel Refer-
3 parties.
ence Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Examination
E543 Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
5. Summary of Practice
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Testing
3 5.1 The general technique used is immersion ultrasonic
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
testing by the reflection method using pulsed longitudinal
waves such as described in Practice E214. Specific additional
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This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, requirements for sample preparation, equipment operating
Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
parameters and calibration, and expression of results are
A01.28 on Bearing Steels.
Current edition approved April 10, 2003. Published July 2003. Originally
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as E588–95.
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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlin-
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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. gate Plaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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