ASTM D5117-17

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Designation: D5117 − 09 D5117 − 17
Standard Test Method for
Dye Penetration of Solid Fiberglass Reinforced Pultruded
Stock
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5117; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This dye-penetrant test method covers a means of evaluating solid fiberglass all-roving reinforced pultruded rod or bar stock
for longitudinal wicking. There are generally three mechanisms that promote wicking, any or all of which maywicking such as
delaminations, longitudinal continuous voids, or the presence of hollow fibers. Any or all of them will be operating at a given time.
NOTE 1—The specimen’s cross-section may reflect delaminations, longitudinal continuous voids, or the presence of hollow fibers, or all three.
Occasionally these flaws Occasionally the flaws listed above may be detected by this test, but other tests are usually required.
1.2 The results of a wicking test are dependent on specimen type and size, penetrant type, time of exposure in the penetrant,
penetrant viscosity, etc. Any attempt to use a wicking test to establish specification criteria should be made with great care.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system mayare not benecessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may has the potential to result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 10.3 and 10.6.
NOTE 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D3918 Terminology Relating to Reinforced Plastic Pultruded Products
E691E456 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodTerminology Relating
to Quality and Statistics
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of technical terms pertaining to plastics used in this test method, see Terminology D883.
3.2 For definitions of terms that appear in this standard relating to reinforced plastic pultruded products, refer to Terminology
D3918.
3.3 For definitions of terms that appear in this standard relating to quality and statistics, refer to Terminology E456.
3.4 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18 on Reinforced Thermosetting
Plastics.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009Dec. 15, 2017. Published September 2009January 2018. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20032009
as D5117 - 03.D5117 - 09. DOI: 10.1520/D5117-09.10.1520/D5117-17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5117 − 17
3.4.1 wicking—transmission of a gas or liquid due to pressure differential or capillary action along fibers incorporated in a
fiberglass reinforced pultruded product.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 All-roving pultruded rod stock is tested by placing the specimen(s) on end into the dye penetrant to a specified depth and
observing the wicking action as spots, or dots, on the opposite, dry face.
4.2 The wicking action through the length of the specimen is due to the capillary action of the penetrant through the open
pathways in the composite. These pathways are typically occupied by air and can be are caused by continuous voids, cracks, or
hollow fibers, or all three, in the reinforcement.simultaneously.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method is useful for establishing the integrity of composite rod. The presence of voids, cracks, and hollow fibers
are considered detrimental to the structural integrity of the composite and may cause causes reduced electrical resistance and
increased current leakage.
5.2 A perfect composite would be flaw-free, and there would be no possibility of wicking. Composites of this type are virtually
nonexistent, as there will typically be entrapped air in the resin developed during manufacture,manufacturing, occasional hollow
fibers, and occasional cracks due to thermal stresses.
5.3 This test method is intended to provide a tool for measuring the extent of wicking in a composite over very short lengths
of material for comparative purposes. The presence of wicking over 1 in. (2.54 cm) lengths maywill not necessarily imply that the
composite will perform unsatisfactorily for its intended end-use. Therefore, interpretation of test results shouldshall be made with
care.carefully.
5.4 This test method was developed as a technique for estimating quality and consistency of pultruded rod and bar stock, which
is a composite of resin and all-roving reinforcement. The manufacturing process may also affect the quality of the product. It should
This test method will be useful for a manufacturer in determiningto determine whether any gross changes in quality have taken
place due to process or raw material changes.changes as the manufacturing process also affects the quality of the product.
5.5 Since the results of this test are so sensitive to sample size, penetrant type, penetrant used, viscosity, duration of test, and
other factors, no attempt to arrive at or recommend development of a specification for these materials has been made. It is
suggested that such a specification shouldA specification shall be negotiated between supplier and end user.user and such
specification shall be made with great care.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Dye Penetrant
6.2 Ultraviolet Light Source—The penetrant used is fluorescent, and requires a black lamp light source.
6.3 Dark Room—An area for viewing the presence of fluorescent spots on the test specimens is required.
6.4 Hood—There is a need to provide adequate air ventilation for the elimination of any annoying vapors from the penetrant.
These vapors are nontoxic, but could has potential to be an irritant.
6.5 Shallow Pan, for holding the penetrant is required. A thin, spongy material that can be placed in the pan and upon which
the specimens may rest is recommended.to support the specimen on one end.
6.6 Stop Watch, or other means for timing the length of the test is required.
6.7 Magnifying Glass, 5×, recommended for identifying very small fluorescent specks, or dots, on the specimen’s upper face.
It is not regarded as essential.
7. Materials
7.1 This test method was developed for use on solid pultruded all-roving rod and bar stock reinforced with fiberglass. An
evaluation employed 1 in. diameter rod stock using epoxy, vinyl ester and polyester resins. It is recognizedwas determined that
this test method will be used with other resin system and rod-stock sizes.is applicable for all three resin series.
7.2 Use rod-stock representative of typical production lots and select random specimens for testing.
8. Sampling and Test Specimens
8.1 Take at least three test specimens for each sample.
8.2 Specimens shall not be taken from material that has been damaged or subjected to previous testing.
Zyglo Penetrex ZL 30A dye penetrant, manufactured by Magnaflex, or equivalent, is suitable for this purpose. During the initial round-robin work, three standard
penetrants of the industry were evaluated. The above referenced penetrant provided the most discriminating, rapid, and consistent results.
D5117 − 17
8.3 Select at least three 1-in. (2.54 cm) length specimens taken at random locations along the rod stock to be tested. These
shouldshall be cut dry with a diamond-dust blade to ensure a smooth test surface.
8.4 In order to prevent the problem of wicking up the sides of some composites, paint a ring of clear nail polish or other suitable
inhibitor below the top surface and around the circumference of each test specimen.
9. Conditioning
9.1 Condition the test specimens at 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 10 % relative humidity for not less than 40 h prior to
test in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D618.
9.2 Test Conditions—Conduct all testing in the Standard Laboratory Atmospherestandard laboratory atmosphere of 23 6 2°C
(73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 10 % relative humidity, unless otherwise specified.
10. Procedure
10.1 Preheat the ultraviolet light source for 15 min or in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Position the
light to shine on the pan (penetrant) surface.
10.2 Place a thin, spongy material such as common household plastic foam sponge on the bottom of the pan to support the
specimens. This material aids in properly wetting the bottom surface of the specimen and reduces possible problems associated
with air entrapment.
10.3 Add sufficient dye to the pan such that the specimens will be immersed to a depth of ⁄8 in. (0.32 cm) while resting on the
sponge. This depth shouldshall be predetermined with an extra piece of rod stock.
10.4 Warning—Avoid hand contact with the penetrant to preclude possible contamination of the specimens during handling.
Wash hands thoroughly before proceeding, shouldif contact with the penetrant were to occur.
Place each specimen on end in the penetrant to the depth specified in 10.3 and staggered from the rest of the group. The actual
time of immersion for each shall be recorded if more than six specimens are to be tested at one time. Otherwise, all specimens
shall be considered to be immersed at the same time. When more than six specimens are tested, an interval of 30 s between the
respective immersions shall be
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