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ASTM C365/C365M-11a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Flatwise Compressive Properties of Sandwich Cores

Standard Test Method for Flatwise Compressive Properties of Sandwich Cores

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Flatwise compressive strength and modulus are fundamental mechanical properties of sandwich cores that are used in designing sandwich panels. Deformation data can be obtained, and from a complete force versus deformation curve, it is possible to compute the compressive stress at any applied force (such as compressive stress at proportional limit force or compressive strength at the maximum force) and to compute the effective modulus of the core.
This test method provides a standard method of obtaining the flatwise compressive strength and modulus for sandwich core structural design properties, material specifications, research and development applications, and quality assurance.
In order to prevent local crushing at the edges of some honeycomb cores, it is often desirable to stabilize the edges with a suitable material, such as a thin layer of resin or thin facings. Flatwise compressive strength data may be generated using either stabilized specimens (reported as stabilized compression strength) or non-stabilized specimens (reported as bare compression strength). It is customary aerospace industry practice to determine compression modulus only when using stabilized specimens.
Factors that influence the flatwise compressive strength and shall therefore be reported include the following: core material, methods of material fabrication, core geometry (cell size), core density, specimen geometry, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment, loading procedure, and speed of testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of compressive strength and modulus of sandwich cores. These properties are usually determined for design purposes in a direction normal to the plane of facings as the core would be placed in a structural sandwich construction. The test procedures pertain to compression in this direction in particular, but also can be applied with possible minor variations to determining compressive properties in other directions. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of compressive core crush properties. Reference Test Method D7336/D7336M for determination of static energy absorption properties of honeycomb sandwich core materials.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2011
ICS
83.120 - Reinforced plastics
Technical Committee
D30 - Composite Materials
Drafting Committee
D30.09 - Sandwich Construction
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C365/C365M-11 - Standard Test Method for Flatwise Compressive Properties of Sandwich Cores
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM C481-99(2016) - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Aging of Sandwich Constructions
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM D6416/D6416M-16e1 - Standard Test Method for Two-Dimensional Flexural Properties of Simply Supported Sandwich Composite Plates Subjected to a Distributed Load
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM D4762-18 - Standard Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C365/C365M − 11a
StandardTest Method for
1
Flatwise Compressive Properties of Sandwich Cores
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C365/C365M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope C271/C271M Test Method for Density of Sandwich Core
Materials
1.1 This test method covers the determination of compres-
C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
sive strength and modulus of sandwich cores. These properties
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
are usually determined for design purposes in a direction
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
normal to the plane of facings as the core would be placed in
D5229/D5229M TestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionProp-
a structural sandwich construction. The test procedures pertain
erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
to compression in this direction in particular, but also can be
Composite Materials
appliedwithpossibleminorvariationstodeterminingcompres-
D7336/D7336M Test Method for Static Energy Absorption
sive properties in other directions. Permissible core material
Properties of Honeycomb Sandwich Core Materials
forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
compressive core crush properties. Reference Test Method
Lot or Process
D7336/D7336M for determination of static energy absorption
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
properties of honeycomb sandwich core materials.
ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining E1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
E1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core
with the standard.
1.3.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases
brackets.
3. Terminology
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
C274 defines terms relating to structural sandwich construc-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tions. Terminology D883 defines terms relating to plastics.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Terminology E6 defines terms relating to mechanical testing.
Terminology E456 and Practice E177 define terms relating to
2. Referenced Documents
statistics.Intheeventofaconflictbetweenterms,Terminology
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D3878 shall have precedence over the other terminologies.
3.2 Symbols:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
3.2.1 A—cross-sectional area of a test specimen
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.09 on
3.2.2 CV—coefficient of variation statistic of a sample
Sandwich Construction.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originally
population for a given property (in percent)
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C365/C365M – 11.
fc
3.2.3 E —flatwise compressive modulus
z
DOI: 10.1520/C0365_C0365M-11A.
2 fcu
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2.4 F —ultimate flatwise compressive strength
z
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
fc 0.02
3.2.5 F —flatwise compressive strength at 2 % LVDT/
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on z
the ASTM website. compressometer deflection
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 --
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C365/C365M–11 Designation:C365/C365M–11a
Standard Test Method for
1
Flatwise Compressive Properties of Sandwich Cores
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C365/C365M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of compressive strength and modulus of sandwich cores. These properties are
usually determined for design purposes in a direction normal to the plane of facings as the core would be placed in a structural
sandwich construction. The test procedures pertain to compression in this direction in particular, but also can be applied with
possible minor variations to determining compressive properties in other directions. Permissible core material forms include those
with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as
honeycomb).
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of compressive core crush properties. Reference Test Method
D7336/D7336M for determination of static energy absorption properties of honeycomb sandwich core materials.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C271/C271M Test Method for Density of Sandwich Core Materials
C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
D5229/D5229M Test Method for MoistureAbsorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite
Materials
D7336/D7336M Test Method for Static Energy Absorption Properties of Honeycomb Sandwich Core Materials
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
E1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
E1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology C274
defines terms relating to structural sandwich constructions. Terminology D883 defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E6
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.09 on Sandwich
Construction.
Current edition approved AprilNov. 1, 2011. Published MayDecember 2011. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 20052011 as
C365/C365M–05.C365/C365M – 11. DOI: 10.1520/C0365_C0365M-11A.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C365/C365M–11a
defines terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E456 and Practice E177 define terms relating to statistics. In the event
of a conflict between terms, Terminology D3878 shall have precedence over t
...

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5.2 Factors that influence the permeability of the tested prepreg material shall be reported including: prepreg material, orientation, location on roll, width, length, thickness, and actual atmospheric pressure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane permeability of composite prepreg (pre-impregnated) materials as a measure of level of impregnation. Permissible prepreg materials include those reinforced with carbon, glass, aramid, thermoplastic and other fibers impregnated with a thermoset or thermoplastic matrix resin, creating a single ply sheet material. The reinforcements may be unidirectional or woven fabrics.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5961/D5961M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bearing Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Refer to Guide D8509.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the bearing response of pinned or fastened joints using multi-directional polymer matrix composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers by double-shear tensile loading (Procedure A), single-shear tensile or compressive loading of a two-piece specimen (Procedure B), single-shear tensile loading of a one-piece specimen (Procedure C), or double-shear compressive loading (Procedure D). Standard specimen configurations using fixed values of test parameters are described for each procedure. However, when fully documented in the test report, a number of test parameters may be optionally varied. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites for which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1.  
1.2 This test method is consistent with the recommendations of MIL-HDBK-17, which describes the desirable attributes of a bearing response test method.  
1.3 The multi-fastener test configurations described in this test method are similar to those used by industry to investigate the bypass portion of the bearing bypass interaction response for bolted joints, where the specimen may produce either a bearing failure mode or a bypass failure mode. Note that the scope of this test method is limited to bearing and fastener failure modes. Use Test Method D7248/D7248M for by-pass testing.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7766/D7766M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Damage Resistance Testing of Sandwich Constructions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides supplemental instructions that allow Test Methods D6264/D6264M (for quasi-static indentation testing) and D7136/D7136M (for drop-weight impact testing) to determine damage resistance properties of sandwich constructions. Susceptibility to damage from concentrated out-of-plane forces is one of the major design concerns of many structures made using sandwich constructions. Knowledge of the damage resistance properties of a sandwich panel is useful for product development and material selection.  
5.2 Sandwich damage resistance testing can serve the following purposes:  
5.2.1 To establish quantitatively the effects of facing geometry, facing stacking sequence, facing-to-core interface, core geometry (cell size, cell wall thickness, core thickness, etc.), core density, core strength, processing and environmental variables on the damage resistance of a particular sandwich panel to a concentrated quasi-static indentation force, drop-weight impact force, or impact energy.  
5.2.2 To compare quantitatively the relative values of the damage resistance parameters for sandwich constructions with different facing, core or adhesive materials. The damage response parameters can include dent depth, damage dimensions and location(s), indentation or impact force magnitudes, impact energy magnitudes, as well as the force versus time curve.  
5.2.3 To impart damage in a specimen for subsequent damage tolerance tests, such as Test Method D8287/D8287M and Practice D8388/D8388M.  
5.2.4 Quasi-static indentation tests can also be used to identify a specific sequence of damage events (only the final damage state is identifiable after a drop-weight impact test).  
5.3 The properties obtained using these practices can provide guidance in regard to the anticipated damage resistance capability of sandwich structures with similar materials, geometry, stacking sequence, and so forth. However, it must be understood that the damage resistance of a sandwich structu...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides instructions for modifying laminate quasi-static indentation and drop-weight impact test methods to determine damage resistance properties of sandwich constructions. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb, truss cores and fiber-reinforced cores).  
1.2 This practice supplements Test Methods D6264/D6264M (for quasi-static indentation testing) and D7136/D7136M (for drop-weight impact testing) with provisions for testing sandwich specimens. Several important test specimen parameters (for example, facing thickness, core thickness and core density) are not mandated by this practice; however, repeatable results require that these parameters be specified and reported.  
1.3 Three test procedures are provided. Procedures A and B correspond to D6264/D6264M test procedures for rigidlybacked and edge-supported test conditions, respectively. Procedure C corresponds to D7136/D7136M test procedures. All three procedures are suitable for imparting damage to a sandwich specimen in preparation for subsequent damage tolerance testing in accordance with Test Method D8287/D8287M (compressive loading) and Practice D8388/D8388M (flexural loading).  
1.4 In general, Procedure A is considered to be the most suitable procedure for comparative damage resistance assessments, due to reduced influence of flexural stiffness and support fixture characteristics upon damage formation. However, the selection of a test procedure and associated support conditions should be done in consideration of the intended structural application, and as such Procedures B and C may be more appropriate for comparative purposes for some applications.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not ...

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