ASTM D3849-04

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Designation:D3849–04
Standard Test Method for
Carbon Black—Morphological Characterization of Carbon
1
Black Using Electron Microscopy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3849; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope extensively coalesced particles. Carbon black aggregate size is
a distributional property; therefore, the term aggregate size
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthemorphologicalcharacteriza-
implies the mean value from multiple measurements.
tion of carbon black primary aggregates from transmission
3.1.1.2 carbon black particle—a small spheroidally shaped,
electron microscope images. These measurements are used to
paracrystalline,non-discretecomponentofanaggregate;itcan
derive the mean particle and aggregate size of carbon black in
only be separated from the aggregate by fracturing. Carbon
the dry (as manufactured) state, from CAB chip dispersion or
black particle size is a distributional property; therefore, the
removed from a rubber compound.
term particle size implies the mean value from multiple
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
measurements.
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
3.1.1.3 glow discharge—a plasma of ionized gas that is
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
formed in a high-voltage field at pressures of about 3 to 20 Pa
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
-3
(25 to 150 3 10 torr). An alternating current (a-c) glow
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
discharge using air is effective in cleaning and oxidizing the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
surface of carbon substrates to improve the wetting character-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
istics of polar vehicles containing pigment dispersions.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.1.4 substrate—a thin film that is used to support elec-
2
tron microscope specimens. Evaporated carbon films are com-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
monly used because of relatively good mechanical strength,
D3182 Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and
stability, and conductivity.
Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-
3.1.2 Aggregate Dimensional Properties from Image Analy-
ing Standard Vulcanized Sheets
sis
D3191 Test Methods for Carbon Black in SBR (Styrene-
3.1.2.1 area (A)—thetwo-dimensionalprojectedareaofthe
Butadiene Rubber)—Recipe and Evaluation Procedures
carbon black aggregate image.
D3192 Test Methods for Carbon Black Evaluation in NR
3.1.2.2 perimeter (P)—the total boundary length of an
(Natural Rubber)
aggregate.
D6556 Test Method for Carbon Black—Total and External
3.1.2.3 volume (V)—an estimate of the volume of the
Surface Area by Nitrogen Adsorption
carbon black aggregate using stereological principles.
3. Terminology
3.1.3 Image Analysis:
3.1.3.1 dilation—the converse of erosion. This process is
3.1 Definitions:
accomplished by changing any OFF pixel to ON if it has
3.1.1 General
greater than a preset minimum of ON neighbors. This process
3.1.1.1 carbon black aggregate—a discrete, rigid colloidal
causes image features to grow in size, which fills in small
entity that is the smallest dispersible unit; it is composed of
breaks in features, internal voids, or small indentations along
the feature surface.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D24 on Carbon
3.1.3.2 erosion—the process by which image features are
Black and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.81 on Carbon Black
reduced in size by selectively removing pixels from their
Microscopy and Morphology.
periphery. It consists of examining each binary pixel and
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originally
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D3849–02.
changing it from ON to OFF if it has greater than a preset
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
minimum of neighbors that are OFF. It serves a number of
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
useful functions, such as smoothing feature outlines and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
separating features touching each other.
the ASTM website.
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D3849–04
3.1.3.3 feature—areas within a single continuous boundary 5.8 Electrically Heated Tube Furnace, capable of being
that have gray-l
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