D31.05 - Upholstery

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The trapezoid tearing load is a tension test in which the test strength is determined primarily by the interlocking structure of the fibers. It is useful for estimating relative ease of tearing of leather.  
4.2 The procedure can also be used to determine if there is any appreciable difference in the relative strength of the leather in the parallel and the perpendicular directions to the backbone.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing load of nonwoven fabrics by the trapezoid method for leather. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 A substantial difficulty in using leather in applications requiring very long service lives is estimating how well a particular leather will actually hold up in service. Such applications may include use in musical instruments such as pipe organs, bookbinding leathers, etc. Use of leather in pipe organs in the past (prior to approximately 1930) demonstrated service lives frequently over 100 years, and the consequences of short service lives can result in extremely costly repairs. Many post-1930 leathers have had short service lives (as little as 15 years) due to the use of various more modern tannages and processing methods. Identifying exactly what tannage and processing was used in a particular leather and how successful this tanning and processing was can be very difficult. Failure of bookbinding and upholstery leathers formed the impetus for extensive work by leather chemists in the 1940s to identify tests that could be used to verify the durability of leather samples. Early studies by Cheshire3 and Frey & Beebe4 resulted in tests relating the rate of deterioration of leathers having known durabilities from long-term storage of samples, to the deterioration experienced by laboratory exposure of specimens to known contents of acid gases in air or oxygen. They were considered to be applicable to leathers having a wide range of tannages and processing. Later work published by Piltingsrud & Tancous5 described their modifications to those tests. Further work directed towards verifying the durability of leathers used in pipe organs resulted in the practice described in this document. The appropriateness of its use for any given leather samples must be determined by the leather chemists utilizing the practice. This practice may not be applicable for leathers having unusual tannages or treatments. Estimates of service lives made using this practice are speculative, as it would take many decades of natural aging to verify the results (see comments in Section 11).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is based on studies relating the rate of deterioration of leathers having known durabilities from long-term storage of samples, to the deterioration experienced by laboratory exposure of specimens to known contents of acid gases in air or oxygen. This is accomplished by measuring the deterioration (reduction in tensile strength) of leather specimens when they are subjected to exposure to a mixture of air, moisture and sulfur dioxide at a given temperature and pressure and for a given exposure time. The loss of tensile strength of the specimens resulting from this exposure is compared to that experienced by a variety of leathers having various tannages and having historically long and short service lifetimes. The initial tensile strength and the degree of loss of tensile strength is related to what service life can be anticipated from a given leather.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The results are reproducible5 and correlate with the cold impact test6 and also correlate with actual practice conditions.7 A comparison of the significance of this test method with other test methods has also been made.5
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 covers the measurement of the cold-crack resistance on all types of upholstery leathers, but especially in the field of automotive upholstery.3 This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the strength of leather is often necessary in order to determine its suitability for its intended application. This test method is recommended for use on light, soft leathers, narrow strap, welt, lace and round belt leathers as well as others that cannot be accurately tested by Test Method D2209.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of leather by the grab method. It is intended for use on light, soft leathers; boarded, sueded, or embossed leathers tested on a specimen in the form of a rectangle piece; narrow strap, welt, lace, and round belt leathers; or other leathers that cannot be accurately tested by Test Method D2209. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The test method is not recommended for breaking loads over 500 lbf (2200 N) because of slippage of the specimen in the jaws.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method simulates the flexing received by upholstery leather in service, and correlation with service is believed to be good. Both the resistance of the finish to cracking and adhesion of the finish to the leather can be evaluated.  
4.2 The flexing action received by the leather in this method is more severe than that given by methods for shoe upper leather. The less severe tests have little utility in the evaluation of upholstery leather finishes.  
4.3 This test method is suitable, and has been useful, in research, development, and manufacturing control. It is used as a method of test for specification acceptance. Since this is a subjective test, proper correlation should be established by interlaboratory experience prior to use for specification acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flexibility and adhesion of a finish on upholstery leather.2 This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method establishes the standard procedure for determining the resistance of leather to blocking under specific conditions of temperature, humidity, and pressure. This method is not applicable to wet blue. This procedure requires the use of a forced circulating hot air oven, American Medical Museum jar with lid, Petri dish with cover, and weights.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of leather to blocking under specific conditions of temperature, humidity, and pressure. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use on all types of finished leathers.  
5.2 Finish stability is a significant factor in establishing the application and function of leather.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of resistance of leather finish to cracking, flaking or becoming tacky after aging.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method establishes the standard procedure for determining the resistance of leather to blocking under specific conditions of temperature, humidity, and pressure. This method is not applicable to wet blue. This procedure requires the use of a forced circulating hot air oven, American Medical Museum jar with lid, Petri dish with cover, and weights.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of leather to blocking under specific conditions of temperature, humidity, and pressure. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 A substantial difficulty in using leather in applications requiring very long service lives is estimating how well a particular leather will actually hold up in service. Such applications may include use in musical instruments such as pipe organs, bookbinding leathers, etc. Use of leather in pipe organs in the past (prior to approximately 1930) demonstrated service lives frequently over 100 years, and the consequences of short service lives can result in extremely costly repairs. Many post-1930 leathers have had short service lives (as little as 15 years) due to the use of various more modern tannages and processing methods. Identifying exactly what tannage and processing was used in a particular leather and how successful this tanning and processing was can be very difficult. Failure of bookbinding and upholstery leathers formed the impetus for extensive work by leather chemists in the 1940s to identify tests that could be used to verify the durability of leather samples. Early studies by Cheshire3 and Frey & Beebe4 resulted in tests relating the rate of deterioration of leathers having known durabilities from long-term storage of samples, to the deterioration experienced by laboratory exposure of specimens to known contents of acid gases in air or oxygen. They were considered to be applicable to leathers having a wide range of tannages and processing. Later work published by Piltingsrud & Tancous5 described their modifications to those tests. Further work directed towards verifying the durability of leathers used in pipe organs resulted in the practice described in this document. The appropriateness of its use for any given leather samples must be determined by the leather chemists utilizing the practice. This practice may not be applicable for leathers having unusual tannages or treatments. Estimates of service lives made using this practice are speculative, as it would take many decades of natural aging to verify the results (see comments in Section 11).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is based on studies relating the rate of deterioration of leathers having known durabilities from long-term storage of samples, to the deterioration experienced by laboratory exposure of specimens to known contents of acid gases in air or oxygen. This is accomplished by measuring the deterioration (reduction in tensile strength) of leather specimens when they are subjected to exposure to a mixture of air, moisture and sulfur dioxide at a given temperature and pressure and for a given exposure time. The loss of tensile strength of the specimens resulting from this exposure is compared to that experienced by a variety of leathers having various tannages and having historically long and short service lifetimes. The initial tensile strength and the degree of loss of tensile strength is related to what service life can be anticipated from a given leather.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method simulates the flexing received by upholstery leather in service, and correlation with service is believed to be good. Both the resistance of the finish to cracking and adhesion of the finish to the leather can be evaluated.  
4.2 The flexing action received by the leather in this method is more severe than that given by methods for shoe upper leather. The less severe tests have little utility in the evaluation of upholstery leather finishes.  
4.3 This test method is suitable, and has been useful, in research, development, and manufacturing control. It is used as a method of test for specification acceptance. Since this is a subjective test, proper correlation should be established by interlaboratory experience prior to use for specification acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flexibility and adhesion of a finish on upholstery leather.2 This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This test method establishes the standard procedure for determining the resistance of leather to blocking under specific conditions of temperature, humidity, and pressure. This method is not applicable to wet blue. This procedure requires the use of a forced circulating hot air oven, American Medical Museum jar with lid, Petri dish with cover, and weights.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of leather to blocking under specific conditions of temperature, humidity, and pressure. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The results are reproducible5 and correlate with the cold impact test6 and also correlate with actual practice conditions.7 A comparison of the significance of this test method with other test methods has also been made.5
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 covers the measurement of the cold-crack resistance on all types of upholstery leathers, but especially in the field of automotive upholstery.3 This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The results are reproducible5 and correlate with the cold impact test6 and also correlate with actual practice conditions.7 A comparison of the significance of this test method with other test methods has also been made.5
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 covers the measurement of the cold-crack resistance on all types of upholstery leathers, but especially in the field of automotive upholstery.3 This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the strength of leather is often necessary in order to determine its suitability for its intended application. This test method is recommended for use on light, soft leathers, narrow strap, welt, lace and round belt leathers as well as others that cannot be accurately tested by Test Method D2209.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of leather by the grab method. It is intended for use on light, soft leathers; boarded, sueded, or embossed leathers tested on a specimen in the form of a rectangle piece; narrow strap, welt, lace, and round belt leathers; or other leathers that cannot be accurately tested by Test Method D2209. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The test method is not recommended for breaking loads over 500 lbf (2200 N) because of slippage of the specimen in the jaws.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The trapezoid tearing load is a tension test in which the test strength is determined primarily by the interlocking structure of the fibers. It is useful for estimating relative ease of tearing of leather.  
4.2 The procedure can also be used to determine if there is any appreciable difference in the relative strength of the leather in the parallel and the perpendicular directions to the backbone.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing load of nonwoven fabrics by the trapezoid method for leather. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use on all types of finished leathers.  
5.2 Finish stability is a significant factor in establishing the application and function of leather.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of resistance of leather finish to cracking, flaking or becoming tacky after aging.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method simulates the flexing received by upholstery leather in service, and correlation with service is believed to be good. Both the resistance of the finish to cracking and adhesion of the finish to the leather can be evaluated.
The flexing action received by the leather in this method is more severe than that given by methods for shoe upper leather. The less severe tests have little utility in the evaluation of upholstery leather finishes.
This test method is suitable, and has been useful, in research, development, and manufacturing control. It is used as a method of test for specification acceptance. Since this is a subjective test, proper correlation should be established by interlaboratory experience prior to use for specification acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flexibility and adhesion of a finish on upholstery leather. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The trapezoid tearing load is a tension test in which the test strength is determined primarily by the interlocking structure of the fibers. It is useful for estimating relative ease of tearing of leather.
The procedure can also be used to determine if there is any appreciable difference in the relative strength of the leather in the parallel and the perpendicular directions to the backbone.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing load of nonwoven fabrics by the trapezoid method for leather. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the strength of leather is often necessary in order to determine its suitability for its intended application. This test method is recommended for use on light, soft leathers, narrow strap, welt, lace and round belt leathers as well as others that cannot be accurately tested by Test Method D2209.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of leather by the grab method. It is intended for use on light, soft leathers; boarded, sueded, or embossed leathers tested on a specimen in the form of a rectangle piece; narrow strap, welt, lace, and round belt leathers; or other leathers that cannot be accurately tested by Test Method D2209. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 The test method is not recommended for breaking loads over 500 lbf (2200 N) because of slippage of the specimen in the jaws.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The results are reproducible and correlate with the cold impact test and also correlate with actual practice conditions. A comparison of the significance of this test method with other test methods has also been made.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the cold-crack resistance on all types of upholstery leathers, but especially in the field of automotive upholstery. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This test method establishes the standard procedure for determining the resistance of leather to blocking under specific conditions of temperature, humidity, and pressure. This method is not applicable to wet blue. This procedure requires the use of a forced circulating hot air oven, American Medical Museum jar with lid, Petri dish with cover, and weights.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of leather to blocking under specific conditions of temperature, humidity, and pressure. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This test method establishes the standard procedure for determining the resistance of leather to blocking under specific conditions of temperature, humidity, and pressure. This method is not applicable to wet blue. This procedure requires the use of a forced circulating hot air oven, American Medical Museum jar with lid, Petri dish with cover, and weights.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the resistance of leather to blocking under specific conditions of temperature, humidity, and pressure. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the strength of leather is often necessary in order to determine its suitability for its intended application. This test method is recommended for use on light, soft leathers, narrow strap, welt, lace and round belt leathers as well as others that cannot be accurately tested by Test Method D 2209.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of leather by the grab method. It is intended for use on light, soft leathers; boarded, sueded, or embossed leathers tested on a specimen in the form of a rectangle piece; narrow strap, welt, lace, and round belt leathers; or other leathers that cannot be accurately tested by Test Method D2209. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 The test method is not recommended for breaking loads over 500 lbf (2200 N) because of slippage of the specimen in the jaws.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The results are reproducible5 and correlate with the cold impact test6 and also correlate with actual practice conditions.7 A comparison of the significance of this test method with other test methods has also been made.5
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the cold-crack resistance on all types of upholstery leathers, but especially in the field of automotive upholstery. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method simulates the flexing received by upholstery leather in service, and correlation with service is believed to be good. Both the resistance of the finish to cracking and adhesion of the finish to the leather can be evaluated.
The flexing action received by the leather in this method is more severe than that given by methods for shoe upper leather. The less severe tests have little utility in the evaluation of upholstery leather finishes.
This test method is suitable, and has been useful, in research, development, and manufacturing control. It is used as a method of test for specification acceptance. Since this is a subjective test, proper correlation should be established by interlaboratory experience prior to use for specification acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flexibility and adhesion of a finish on upholstery leather. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The trapezoid tearing load is a tension test in which the strength is determined primarily by the fibers of the composite structure and their bonding or interlocking. It is useful for estimating relative ease of tearing of nonwoven fabrics.
The procedure can also be used to determine if there is any appreciable difference in the relative strength of the fabric in the machine and cross-machine directions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing load of nonwoven fabrics by the trapezoid method for leather. See Test Methods D1117. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the cold-crack resistance on all types of upholstery leathers, but especially in the field of automotive upholstery. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flexibility and adhesion of a finish on upholstery leather.² This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the cold-crack resistance on all types of upholstery leathers, but especially in the field of automotive upholstery. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of leather by the grab method. It is intended for use on light, soft leathers; boarded, sueded, or embossed leathers tested on a specimen in the form of a rectangle piece; narrow strap, welt, lace, and round belt leathers; or other leathers that cannot be accurately tested by Test Method D2209. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 The test method is not recommended for breaking loads over 500 lbf (2200 N) because of slippage of the specimen in the jaws.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the resistance of leather to blocking under specific conditions of temperature, humidity, and pressure. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flexibility and adhesion of a finish on upholstery leather. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing load of nonwoven fabrics by the trapezoid method for leather. See Test Methods D1117. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.