SIST EN 1539:2016

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2016
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SIST EN 1539:2010
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Dryers and ovens, in which flammable substances are released - Safety requirements
Trockner und Öfen, in denen brennbare Stoffe freigesetzt werden -
Sicherheitsanforderungen
Séchoirs et fours dans lesquels se dégagent des substances inflammables -
Prescriptions de sécurité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1539:2015
ICS:
25.180.01 ,QGXVWULMVNHSHþLQDVSORãQR Industrial furnaces in general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN 1539
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
October 2015
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 25.180.01 Supersedes EN 1539:2009
English Version
Dryers and ovens, in which flammable substances are
released - Safety requirements
Séchoirs et fours dans lesquels se dégagent des Trockner und Öfen, in denen brennbare Stoffe
substances inflammables - Prescriptions de sécurité freigesetzt werden - Sicherheitsanforderungen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 June 2015.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1539:2015 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 5
Introduction . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 10
4 Significant hazards . 16
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures . 22
5.1 General . 22
5.2 Safety requirements against mechanical hazards . 22
5.2.1 Shearing, crushing, drawing-in . 22
5.2.2 Means of escape . 22
5.2.3 Safety requirements against slip and fall hazards . 23
5.3 Safety requirements against electrical hazards . 23
5.3.1 General . 23
5.3.2 Electrical equipment . 23
5.3.3 External influences on the electrical equipment . 23
5.4 Safety requirements against thermal hazards . 23
5.5 Safety requirements against noise hazards. 24
5.6 Safety requirements against radiation hazards . 24
5.7 Safety requirements against health hazardous substances . 25
5.8 Fire protection and prevention . 25
5.8.1 General . 25
5.8.2 Materials and construction . 25
5.8.3 Heating systems . 26
5.8.4 Prevention of ignition by hot surfaces . 26
5.8.5 Prevention of ignition by overheating . 26
5.8.6 Prevention of auto-ignition . 26
5.9 Explosion protection and prevention requirements . 27
5.9.1 General . 27
5.9.2 Type A-dryers . 27
5.9.3 Type B-dryers . 33
5.10 Control systems . 38
5.10.1 General . 38
5.10.2 Requirements for type A-dryers . 38
5.10.3 Requirements for type B-dryers . 41
6 Verification of the safety requirements and/or measures . 43
7 Information for use . 45
7.1 General . 45
7.2 Instruction handbook . 46
7.2.1 General . 46
7.2.2 Information related to installation . 47
7.2.3 Information related to operation . 47
7.2.4 Information related to maintenance . 48
7.3 Marking . 49
Annex A (normative) Basis for air flow calculation of chamber dryers and continuous flow
dryers . 50
A.1 Calculation basis for chamber dryers . 50
A.1.1 General . 50
A.1.2 Calculation of chamber dryers in case of rapid evaporation - Method A . 50
A.1.3 Determination in case of slow evaporation – Method B . 54
A.2 Calculation basis for continuous flow dryers . 55
Annex B (informative) Examples of calculation . 57
B.1 Chamber dryers . 57
B.1.1 Example 1: Calculation of the required minimum exhaust flow (see 3.20) . 57
B.1.2 Example 2: Calculation of the maximum admissible amount of varnish. 58
B.2 Continuous flow dryers . 60
B.2.1 Example 3: Calculation of the minimum exhaust flow rate . 60
B.2.2 Example 4: Calculation of the minimum exhaust flow rate . 62
B.2.3 Example 5: Calculation of the maximum admissible throughput of flammable
substances . 63
Annex C (normative) Concentration measurement in dryers . 65
C.1 Measurement of flammable substances . 65
C.1.1 General . 65
C.1.2 Requirements for concentration monitoring systems . 65
C.2 Monitoring of oxygen concentration . 66
C.2.1 General . 66
C.2.2 Requirements for oxygen monitoring systems . 66
Annex D (normative) Calculation of the lower explosion limit at drying temperature . 68
D.1 General . 68
D.2 Influence of temperature on the indicated value of concentration (physical
influence) . 68
D.3 Influence of the temperature of mixture on the kinetics of reaction (chemical
influence) . 69
D.4 Consideration of chemical and physical influences . 69
Annex E (normative) Explosion reliefs . 70
Annex F (informative) Sensors for measurement of the volume flow . 71
F.1 Pitot-static tubes . 71
F.2 Venturi nozzles . 71
F.3 Wind vanes and plate anemometers . 71
F.4 Hot-wire anemometers. 71
F.5 Ultrasonic anemometers . 71
F.6 Windmill anemometer . 72
Annex G (normative) Requirements for energy-efficiency and reduction of environmental
impact . 73
G.1 General . 73
G.2 Acquisition . 73
G.3 Production . 73
G.4 Use . 73
G.4.1 General . 73
G.4.2 Energy usage . 73
G.4.3 Minimizing of emissions to air . 74
G.4.4 Minimizing of noise emissions . 74
G.5 End of Life. 74
Annex H (informative) Guide for implementation of control system requirements for
explosion protection for type A dryers . 75
H.1 General . 75
H.2 Example for chamber dryer . 76
H.3 Example for continuous flow dryer . 77
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC . 80
Bibliography . 81

European foreword
This document (EN 1539:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 271 “Surface
treatment equipment - Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by April 2016.
This document supersedes EN 1539:2009.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of the EU Directive
2006/42/EC.
For relationship with the EU Directive, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
This European Standard is part of a series of standards in the area of safety for development and
construction of machines and plants for the coating of surfaces with organic substances (paints,
lacquers and similar products).
This European Standard was prepared with contribution of the following TCs:
— TC 186 "Industrial thermoprocessing - Safety";
— TC 198 "Printing and paper machinery - Safety";
— TC 200 "Tannery machinery - Safety";
— TC 202 "Foundry machinery".
NOTE 1 Although a dryer as a whole is not subject to the ATEX Directive 94/9/EC in a formal way, this
document is based on a fundamental risk assessment according to this Directive.
NOTE 2 This European Standard is based on an explosion protection concept which does not define zones for
areas with potentially explosive atmosphere.
In relation to the previous version of the standard, the following main modifications have been made
— the scope has been adjusted to meet the fields of application of the standard;
— the requirements for safety related controls have been modified for clarification;
— guidance for implementation of safety related control systems has been included;
— requirements for monitoring of heating system have been implemented;
— requirements for type B dryers have been detailed;
— requirements for minimization of energy usage and environmental impact have been included.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
This document is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100.
This document is of relevance in particular for the following stakeholder group representing the market
players with regard to machinery safety:
— machinery manufacturers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— health and safety bodies (regulators, accident prevention organisations, market surveillance).
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events
are covered are indicated in the scope of this European Standard.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B
standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other
standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C
standard.
1 Scope
This European Standard deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events
relevant to ovens and dryers in which flammable substances are released by evaporation from and
curing of coating materials.
The specific significant risks related to the use of this machinery with foodstuff and pharmaceutical
products are not dealt with in this European Standard.
This European Standard is only applicable to machines which are used as intended and under the
conditions which are foreseeable as malfunction by the manufacturer (see Clause 4).
For ovens and dryers in which flammable substances are released by evaporation from and curing of
coating materials, in which the concentration of these flammable substances shall not, under no
circumstances, exceed 3 % of the LEL, EN 746-1 and EN 746-2 may be applied instead of this European
Standard.
This European Standard is not applicable to:
— ovens for hardening metals;
— enamelling plants;
— portable heating systems for drying (for instance infrared radiant heaters, hot-air blowers, blow-
dryers);
— solvent recovery plants;
— distillation and/or refraction plants;
— textile dry-cleaning systems.
This European Standard is not applicable to machinery manufactured before the date of its publication
as EN.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 547-1, Safety of machinery — Human body measurements — Part 1: Principles for determining the
dimensions required for openings for whole body access into machinery
EN 619, Continuous handling equipment and systems — Safety and EMC requirements for equipment for
mechanical handling of unit loads
EN 746-1, Industrial thermoprocessing equipment — Part 1: Common safety requirements for industrial
thermoprocessing equipment
EN 746-2, Industrial thermoprocessing equipment - Part 2: Safety requirements for combustion and fuel
handling systems
EN 953, Safety of machinery — Guards — General requirements for the design and construction of fixed
and movable guards
EN 1127-1, Explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection - Part 1: Basic concepts and
methodology
EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008, Safety of machinery - Assessment and reduction of risks arising from
radiation emitted by machinery - Part 1: General principles
EN 12198-2, Safety of machinery — Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by
machinery — Part 2: Radiation emission measurement procedure
EN 12433-1, Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates - Terminology - Part 1: Types of doors
EN 12433-2, Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates - Terminology - Part 2: Parts of doors
EN 12445, Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates - Safety in use of power operated doors -
Test methods
EN 12453, Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates - Safety in use of power operated doors -
Requirements
EN 12635, Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates — Installation and use
EN 12978, Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates — Safety devices for power operated doors
and gates — Requirements and test methods
EN 13023, Noise measurement methods for printing, paper converting, paper making machines and
auxiliary equipment — Accuracy grades 2 and 3
EN 13463-1, Non-electrical equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres - Part 1: Basic method
and requirements
EN 14462, Surface treatment equipment - Noise test code for surface treatment equipment including its
ancillary handling equipment - Accuracy grades 2 and 3
EN 14994, Gas explosion venting protective systems
EN 15061, Safety of machinery — safety requirements for strip processing line machinery and equipment
EN 50104, Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of oxygen - Performance requirements
and test methods
EN 60079-0, Explosive atmospheres - Part 0: Equipment - General requirements (IEC 60079-0)
EN 60079-29-1, Explosive atmospheres - Part 29-1: Gas detectors - Performance requirements of detectors
for flammable gases (IEC 60079-29-1)
EN 60079-29-4, Explosive atmospheres - Part 29-4: Gas detectors - Performance requirements of open
path detectors for flammable gases (IEC 60079-29-4)
EN 60204-1:2006, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 1: General requirements
(IEC 60204-1)
EN 61000-6-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-2: Generic standards - Immunity for
industrial environments (IEC 61000-6-2)
EN 60405, Nuclear instrumentation - Constructional requirements and classification of radiometric
gauges (IEC 60405)
EN 60519-1, Safety in electroheat installations — Part 1: General requirements (IEC 60519-1)
EN 60519-6, Safety in electroheat installations - Part 6: Specifications for safety in industrial microwave
heating equipment (IEC 60519-6)
EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk
reduction (ISO 12100:2010)
EN ISO 10218-1, Robots and robotic devices - Safety requirements for industrial robots - Part 1: Robots
(ISO 10218-1)
EN ISO 10218-2, Robots and robotic devices - Safety requirements for industrial robots - Part 2: Robot
systems and integration (ISO 10218-2)
EN ISO 13732-1, Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Methods for the assessment of human
responses to contact with surfaces - Part 1: Hot surfaces (ISO 13732-1)
EN ISO 13849-1, Safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control systems - Part 1: General principles
for design (ISO 13849-1)
EN ISO 14122-2, Safety of machinery - Permanent means of access to machinery - Part 2: Working
platforms and walkways (ISO 14122-2)
EN ISO 14122-3, Safety of machinery - Permanent means of access to machinery - Part 3: Stairs,
stepladders and guard-rails (ISO 14122-3)
EN ISO 14122-4, Safety of machinery — Permanent means of access to machinery — Part 4: Fixed ladders
(ISO 14122-4)
ISO 19353, Safety of machinery — Fire prevention and protection
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100 and the following
apply.
3.1
dryer
oven
machine in which, by a drying process, flammable substances are released by evaporation and curing
Note 1 to entry: See 3.7 for the definition of drying process.
3.2
chamber dryer
dryer in which the temperature of workpieces and the concentration of flammable substances are a
function of time
Note 1 to entry: Uniform temperature distribution is intended in the effective volume. This dryer is typically
loaded in batches.
3.3
continuous flow dryer
dryer in which the temperature of workpieces and the concentration of flammable substances are a
function of location
Note 1 to entry: This dryer may be subdivided into several sections with specific temperature and forced
ventilation. Uniform temperature distribution is intended in the effective volume of sections. This dryer is
typically loaded continuously or quasi continuously.
3.4
accessible dryer
dryer in which provision is made for the presence of persons inside the dryer during normal operation
3.5
type A-dryer
dryer in which by design, the concentration of flammable substances in the total volume is limited
below values of maximum concentration of flammable substances given in Figure 1
3.6
type B-dryer
dryer in which by design the formation of hazardous explosive mixtures is prevented in any part of the
dryer by limitation of the oxygen concentration
3.7
drying
process of evaporation or volatilisation of components of the printing or coating material and the
products to be dried, as well as the curing of the printing or coating material
3.7.1
mould varnish drying
process of drying of mould varnishes for casting moulds and foundry cores, in which volatile
components have a longer travel to the surface (range from some mm up to about 1 cm) compared with
the drying of a surface coated part to be dried (µm range)
3.7.2
resin varnish drying
process of drying of products impregnated with resin products (impregnating resin or resin varnish), in
which volatile components have a longer travel to the surface (cm range) compared with the drying of a
surface coated part to be dried (µm range)
3.7.3
rapid evaporation
evaporation for which the concentration maximum of released flammable substances is reached
relatively quick, in average in 180s
Note 1 to entry: For coating thickness ≤ 1 mm, the warming of the coating material is typically significantly
faster than the warming of the coated substrate. The release of flammable substances is constricted only little by
the thin coating, over the progressing drying process.
Note 2 to entry: The time at which the concentration maximum of released flammable substances is reached, is
practically not influenced by the warming of the workpiece or the ventilation number.
3.7.4
slow evaporation
evaporation for which the concentration maximum of released flammable substances is reached
significantly later, than for surface coated workpieces, in average around 30 min
Note 1 to entry: For very thick coatings or for coatings which deeply penetrate the workpiece (≫1 mm) the
evaporation rate of the released flammable substances is driven by the warming of the workpiece and the
progress of curing of the coating material (e.g. for mould or resin varnish drying).
3.8
curing
transformation of a liquid or pasty printing or coating material or powder coating into a solid film of
dried coating material
Note 1 to entry: This process is also known as gelling, through curing or through drying.
3.9
flammable substances
predominantly volatile organic compounds (VOC) which can be present as gases, vapours, liquids,
solids, or mixtures of these, and which are able to undergo an exothermic reaction with air when ignited
Note 1 to entry: Flammable substances can be solvents which are flammable or slow burning; e. g. aldehydes,
alcohols, hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, mineral oils, as well as mixtures containing these substances.
Note 2 to entry: Mixtures containing solvents can be printing and coating materials, e.g. inks, varnishes,
lacquers.
Note 3 to entry: Solvents are also used as cleaning or washing agents, and could enter the dryer.
Note 4 to entry: The terms "flammable" and "combustible" are equivalent in this European Standard.
[SOURCE: EN 13237:2013, 3.36]
3.10
released flammable substances
gases and vapours released during drying which could form an explosive mixture with air
3.11
coating materials
products, in liquid or in paste or powder form, that when applied to a substrate forms a film possessing
protective, decorative and/or other specific properties
Note 1 to entry: In general coating materials consist of binders, pigments, dyestuff, fillers and other additives.
Moreover, liquid coating materials can contain solvents.
Note 2 to entry: Coating materials are, for instance, paints, lacquers, varnishes, impregnating resin varnishes,
paste fillers, filling materials, impregnating agents, anti-noise agents, fire resisting agents, stains, burnishes, flock,
adhesives, sealing compounds, as well as coating powders.
[SOURCE: EN ISO 4618]
3.12
drying temperature
higher temperature value of respectively
— the heating medium (air or gas within the total volume) at contact to the materials being processed
or
— of the printing or coating material during drying
3.13
ignition temperature
lowest temperature of a heated wall as determined under specified test conditions, at which ignition of
a combustible gas or liquid, in the form of gas or vapour mixture with air, will occur
Note 1 to entry: The terms "flammable" and "combustible" are equivalent in this European Standard.
[SOURCE: EN 13237:2013, 3.45]
3.14
flammability temperature
lowest temperature at which symptoms of combustion can be found on the coated or uncoated material
Note 1 to entry: Flammability temperature of a material is a safety parameter for which a continuous
combustion could be stimulated under specified test conditions. It can be determined for combustible solid
substances such as paper or similar base stock and their coating. Signs of combustion are flames, glowing or
pyrogenic symptoms.
3.15
limiting temperature
corresponds to the lower of the following values:
— the flammability temperature (see 3.14); or
— 0,8 times the ignition temperature (see 3.13)
3.16
lower explosion limit
LEL
lower limit of the explosion range
Note 1 to entry: "Explosion limit" and "ignition limit" are equivalent. In accordance with international usage
only the term "explosion limit" is used in this European Standard. See 3.19.1 of EN 13237:2013.
Note 2 to entry: Explosion limits are the limits of the explosion range. Explosion range is the range of
concentration of a flammable substance within air, in which an explosion can occur. See 3.22 of EN 13237:2013.
3.17
explosive mixture
mixture with air and combustible substances in the form of gases, vapours, mist or dust, in which after
ignition has occurred, combustion spreads to the entire unburned mixture
Note 1 to entry: Explosive atmosphere is an explosive mixture under atmospheric conditions, see 3.28 of
EN 13237:2013.
3.18
normal operation
situation when the dryer performs its intended function within its design parameters
3.19
forced ventilation
technical ventilation consisting of one or more of the following systems:
— fresh air supply system;
— air recirculation system;
— air exhaust system
3.20
required exhaust flow rate
controllable exhaust flow rate maintaining the concentration of released flammable substances within
the total volume at any time below the maximum admissible concentration
3.21
minimum exhaust flow rate
constant air flow rate maintaining the maximum concentration of released substances within the total
volume below the maximum admissible concentration
3.22
maximum admissible quantity of released flammable substances
maximum quantity of flammable substances which may be released within the chamber dryer per
charge, corresponding to the minimum forced ventilation flow rate with consideration of the drying
temperature corrections
3.23
maximum admissible throughput of flammable substances
maximum quantity of flammable substances per unit time which may be released within a continuous
flow dryer corresponding to the minimum forced ventilation flow rate with consideration of the drying
temperature corrections
3.24
maximum admissible concentration of flammable substances
maximum concentration of flammable substances within the total volume of the dryer
3.25
total volume
net volume within the dryer in which flammable substances can be present
Note 1 to entry: The total volume includes ventilation of all section(s) and the recirculation systems of the dryer
and ends at the outlet connection of the dryer housing to the external exhaust device.
Note 2 to entry: The total volume does not include any charged materials, supports, transport systems, thermal
cleaning systems, chimneys or other ducts between sections or equipment.
3.26
effective volume
part of the total volume in which the material to be dried is charged or moved
3.27
main vaporization time
period of time during which the major quantity of flammable substances is released
Note 1 to entry: See A.1.2.
3.28
pre-drying loss
reduction in the amount of releasable flammable substances due to drying by air before the coated
material is charged into the dryer
Note 1 to entry: See A.1.2.
3.29
peak release rate
maximum release of flammable substances per unit time within the dryer
3.30
gate
device for closing an opening which is provided for passage of conveyors and workpieces
3.31
boundary layer
process related layer of gaseous potentially explosive atmosphere in direct proximity of the workpiece
Note 1 to entry: The thickness of the boundary layer typically is several millimetres.
3.32
oxygen limit concentration
lowest value of the oxygen concentration within a mixture of flammable substances in gas at which a
potentially explosive atmosphere is generated
3.33
positive operating pressure
pressure inside a type B-chamber dryer preventing inflow of atmospheric oxygen by intended or
unintended leaks
3.34
course of minimum drying temperature
required lowest drying temperature depending on time (chamber dryers) or location (continuous flow
dryers) at which the intended release of flammable substances is ensured
Note 1 to entry: It may be required to consider other process parameters, especially the conveying speed of
continuous flow dryers
3.35
lower explosion point
LEP
temperature at which the concentration (substance amount fraction) of the saturated vapor of a
flammable substance in a mixture with air reaches the lower explosion limit
Note 1 to entry: Unknown LEP’s can be estimated as follows: pure, non-halogenated liquids: LEP 5 °C below the
flash point; solvent mixtures without halogenated component: LEP 15 °C below the flash point.
4 Significant hazards
Table 1 — List of significant hazards
Specific
General
requirements
requirements
Applicable
Hazard factors Location or situation of the hazard
Applicable clauses of
clauses of this
European
EN ISO 12100:2010
Standard
4.1 This clause contains all hazards, 5.1 4.1
General hazardous situations and events as far
as they are dealt with in this document,
identified by risk assessment significant
for this type of machinery and which
require action to eliminate or reduce the
risk.
NOTE EN ISO 12100 contains
information for the procedure of risk
assessment.
4.2 5.2, 7.2 4.2
Mechanical hazards
4.2.1 a) actuators, hoisting devices and 5.2.1, 7.2.1 4.2.1, 4.2.2
Shearing, crushing automatic handling systems (e.g.
and drawing-in robots) during charging and
hazards by discharging of dryers;
unprotected moving
b) charging assistances and conveying
parts of the
systems for continuous flow
machine, parts with
dryers;
hazardous surfaces
c) fans (e. g. injuries caused by
and parts moving in
rundown of fan wheel) and air
an uncontrolled way
inlets;
d) damper adjuster;
e) moving parts of dryers (e.g. doors,
gates, hoods, top and bottom boxes
of continuous flow dryers).
4.2.2 a) when obstacles or obstructions can 5.2.2, 7.2.1
Missing means of impede a quick evacuation by the
escape for operators operator(s) from the dryer in case
in dryers which of mechanical accident or fire;
could be entered
b) in case of an accidental significant
lowering of pressure inside a dryer
(e. g.: obstruction of air inlet)
capable:
1) of clamping the doors by
mechanical deformation of
the structure of the dryer;
and/or
2) of increasing the door
opening effort beyond human
capability.
4.2.3 a) on ladders, gangways, platforms or 5.2.3, 7.2.1, 7.2.4 4.10
Personnel's slip, stairs;
trip, twist and fall
b) on gratings at floor level;
hazards
c) on non-slip resistant floors;
d) due to insufficient lighting.
4.3 Shock currents (by direct or indirect 5.3 4.3
Electrical hazards contact) caused by e.g.:
a) electrically live parts that are not
insulated for operational reasons
(e.g. on IR-radiators);
b) electrically live parts when the
insulation is damaged by contact
with solvents or by mechanical
effects.
4.4 Burns and scalds, caused by contact with 5.4, 7.2.1 4.4
Thermal hazards hot media, for instance:
a) contact with hot surfaces of the
dryer;
b) radiation of heat sources;
c) flame, electric arcs or explosions,
see also 4.8.
4.5 Noise exposure, hearing loss and/or 5.5, 7.2.1 4.5
Hazards generated physiological impacts caused by noise
by noise emissions from e.g.:
a) fans;
b) high air velocities in ducts and
equipment;
c) drives and conveyors;
d) resonant vibrations;
e) burners.
4.6 Significant hazards for the eyes by: 5.6, 7.2 4.7
Hazards generated
a) infrared radiation;
by radiation
b) visible radiation;
c) ultraviolet radiation;
d) microwave radiation.
Significant hazards for the skin by:
e) infrared radiation;
f) ultraviolet radiation;
g) microwave radiation.
Significant hazards for body and organs
by:
h) microwave radiation;
i) infrared radiation;
j) X-radiation;
k) electron beams.
NOTE For further information
regarding the effects of hazards
generated by radiation, see EN 12198-1,
EN 12198-2 and EN 12198-3.
4.6.1 Caused by e.g.: 5.6 4.7
Hazards generated
a) burns by metal heated by induction
by electromagnetic
which is in contact with the body;
fields
b) effects on cardiac pacemakers and
physiological effects;
c) hazardous malfunctions, like for
instance shortcut of electronic
safety circuits, guards at access to
danger zones, warning devices, due
to interferences between live parts
of control systems and safety
systems
generated by dryers with high current
strength, for instance by induction
dryers
4.7 By entry of health hazardous liquids, 5.7, 7.2 4.8
Hazards generated gases, vapours, mists, fumes and dusts,
by health hazardous for instance, via
substances
a) absorption of health hazardous
liquids (e.g. coating materials,
solvents, hydraulic or heat-carrier
liquids) coming into contact with
the skin;
b) inhalation of health hazardous
gases or vapours released during
drying (e.g. solvent vapours, nitric
oxides, ozone);
c) inhalation of health hazardous
gases;
d) inhal
...